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1.
Ecological compensation for desertification control: A review 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper, (1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed; (2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource- environment basis and policy orientation; (3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed; (4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control. 相似文献
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Geomorphologic map of the 1<Superscript>st</Superscript> Mutnaya River,Southeastern Kamchatka,Russia
Gheorghe Romanescu Sergey Chalov Cristian Constantin Stoleriu Alin Mihu-Pintilie Silvia Eleonora Angileri Yulia Kuznetsova Mariaelena Cama Michael Maerker 《山地科学学报》2017,14(12):2373-2390
The Kamchatka Peninsula–situated in the Pacific “Ring of Fire”–has 29 active and over 400 extinct volcanoes. Since it is situated in the northeastern extremity of Russia, in subarctic climate, the volcanic landforms are overprinted by the 446 glaciers. This research focuses on the 1stMutnaya catchment which drains the southern slopes of two active volcanoes: Avachinsky and Koryaksky. Those volcanoes are a permanent threat for the cities of Petropavlovsk and Elizovo, which are the 2 of 3 cities of the peninsula. Hence, most of the studies carried out in the area dealt with the natural hazards and only few focus on landscape evolution. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elaborate a cartographic approach which integrates classic geomorphology with state of the art GIS and remote sensing techniques. As result, different landforms and related processes have been analysed and included in the first general geomorphologic map of the 1stMutnaya catchment. 相似文献
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Fitting probability distributions to hydrologic data samples is widely used for quantile estimation purposes. The estimated quantile (X^T) is related to a return period (T). The confidence interval associated with each of the estimates has been calculated empirically, up until now, supposing that the quantile estimator is normally distributed. In this study, it is shown that the confidence interval follows a normal distribution only in the central part of the distribution. The real confidence limits are computed analytically, by defining and integrating the probability density function of the confidence interval. The results with an important number of hydrologic samples show that the upper confidence limits are significantly underestimated towards the tail of the distribution, when determined using the normality approximation for the quantile estimator. 相似文献
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Andrew S. Cohen Manuel R. Palacios-Fest James McGill Peter W. Swarzenski Dirk Verschuren Robert Sinyinza Tharcisse Songori Bombi Kakagozo Mutanga Syampila Catherine M. O’Reilly Simone R. Alin 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,34(1):1-18
We investigated paleolimnological records from a series of river deltas around the northeastern rim of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa (Tanzania and Burundi) in order to understand the history of anthropogenic activity in the lakes catchment over the last several centuries, and to determine the impact of these activities on the biodiversity of littoral and sublittoral lake communities. Sediment pollution caused by increased rates of soil erosion in deforested watersheds has caused significant changes in aquatic communities along much of the lakes shoreline. We analyzed the effects of sediment discharge on biodiversity around six deltas or delta complexes on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika: the Lubulungu River delta, Kabesi River delta, Nyasanga/Kahama River deltas, and Mwamgongo River delta in Tanzania; and the Nyamuseni River delta and Karonge/Kirasa River deltas in Burundi. Collectively, these deltas and their associated rivers were chosen to represent a spectrum of drainage-basin sizes and disturbance levels. By comparing deltas that are similar in watershed attributes (other than disturbance levels), our goal was to explore a series of historical experiments at the watershed scale, with which we could more clearly evaluate hypotheses of land use or other effects on nearshore ecosystems. Here we discuss these deltas, their geologic and physiographic characteristics, and the field procedures used for coring and sampling the deltas, and various indicators of anthropogenic impact. 相似文献
6.
The seismic fragility of a system is the probability that the system enters a damage state under seismic ground motions with specified characteristics. Plots of the seismic fragilities with respect to scalar ground motion intensity measures are called fragility curves. Recent studies show that fragility curves may not be satisfactory measures for structural seismic performance, since scalar intensity measures cannot comprehensively characterize site seismicity. The limitations of traditional seismic intensity measures, e.g., peak ground acceleration or pseudo-spectral acceleration, are shown and discussed in detail. A bivariate vector with coordinates moment magnitude m and source-to-site distance r is proposed as an alternative seismic intensity measure. Implicitly, fragility surfaces in the (m, r)-space could be used as graphical representations of seismic fragility. Unlike fragility curves, which are functions of scalar intensity measures, fragility surfaces are characterized by two earthquake-hazard parameters, (m, r). The calculation of fragility surfaces may be computationally expensive for complex systems. Thus, as solutions to this issue, a bi-variate log-normal parametric model and an efficient calculation method, based on stochastic-reduced-order models, for fragility surfaces are proposed. 相似文献
7.
Horia Mitrofan Constantin Marin Florina Chitea Nicoleta Cadicheanu Ioan Povar&#x; Alin Tudorache Daniela Elena Ioni&#x;&#x; Mirela‐Adriana Anghelache 《地学学报》2021,33(1):56-73
Methane occurrences displaying signatures of a possible abiotic origin had previously been reported in the South‐West Carpathians (Romania). Such an accumulation, at Tisovi?a, was intercepted by a well drilled in an ophiolitic rocks massif, whereas in two other localities—situated tens of kilometres faraway—the concerned methane is released via thermal groundwater outflows that are apparently not associated with any ultramafic products. By using groundwater ionic compositions, corroborated with previously published isotopic (13C‐CH4, 2H‐CH4, 3He/4He) and molecular gas analyses, we assessed in more detail the conjectured abiotic provenance of methane, and quantitatively investigated the hypothesis of a progressive mixing between two, abiotic and thermogenic, methane end‐members. The corresponding geofluids behaviour was modelled by hypothesizing a “concealed” ophiolite serpentinization setting (largely similar to that at Tisovi?a), whose abiotic methane production was “diverted” towards remote discharges at ground surface, via a ~20‐km‐long flowpath supposedly generated by recently operating extensional tectonics. 相似文献
8.
Francesca E. DeMeo Benoît Carry Franck Marchis Richard P. Binzel Schelte J. Bus Alin Nedelcu Michael Busch 《Icarus》2011,212(2):677-681
We present near-infrared spectral measurements of Themis family Asteroid (379) Huenna (D ∼ 98 km) and its 6 km satellite using SpeX on the NASA IRTF. The companion was farther than 1.5″ from the primary at the time of observations and was approximately 5 magnitudes dimmer. We describe a method for separating and extracting the signal of a companion asteroid when the signal is not entirely resolved from the primary. The spectrum of (379) Huenna has a broad, shallow feature near 1 μm and a low slope, characteristic of C-type asteroids. The secondary’s spectrum is consistent with the taxonomic classification of C-complex or X-complex. The quality of the data was not sufficient to identify any subtle feature in the secondary’s spectrum. 相似文献
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Validation and use of rainfall radar data to simulate water flows in the Rio Escondido basin 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Sami Eleuch Alin Carsteanu Khalidou Bâ Ramata Magagi Kalifa Goïta Carlos Diaz 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2010,24(5):559-565
This paper presents a combined validation method of radar-sensed rainfall, using rain gauge data and hydrologic closure, with
an application to the Rio Escondido basin (North-East of Mexico). The space–time scaling behavior of rainfall between rain
gauge and radar scales is compared with the intrinsic variability of rainfall, for a statistical validation of space–time
variability. For hydrological validation purposes, the CEQUEAU model is used to perform rainfall-runoff routing. It provides a basin-wide water balance, to be compared with the measured
water flow at the Villa de Fuentes hydrometric station, for mean-value gauging closure. A good qualitative agreement in terms
of hydrograph shape and timing is obtained between the simulated and the observed water flows, and a multiplicative correction
factor of an initially proposed Z–R relationship is adopted for the watershed under study, which agrees approximately with
other authors’ findings about that relationship. The results are considered particularly useful as a validation-and-correction
methodology of radar rainfall estimates for areas sparsely covered by rain gauges. 相似文献
10.
Horia Mitrofan Constantin Marin Alin Tudorache Mădălina Vişan 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(9):2315-2338
A monitoring operation conducted over more than seven years has been addressing chemical fluctuations displayed by several cool, low-discharge springs located close to the highly seismic Vrancea area (Romania). Those outflows compositions proved to be strongly controlled by binary, essentially isochemical mixing between a deep-origin brine and meteoric freshwater. By taking advantage of this particular setting, there have been constructed diagrams aimed at investigating how the groundwater-discharges Na–K–Mg geothermometric parameters fluctuated as a function of the chloride content (taken to be an estimator of the freshwater-induced dilution). We made use of the reciprocal algebraic relationships existing between the equations describing the Na–K–Mg geothermometric parameters “Na–K temperature” and “K–Mg temperature” on the one hand, and the so-called “maturity index” (MI) on the other. In an accordingly derived plot of MI against the logarithm of the chloride concentration, a series of data-points being quite uniformly off-set from the MI dilution-curve constructed for an apparently “regular” period, suggested that, episodically, all concerned springwaters were simultaneously subject to some similar changes in the controlling geochemical processes. One such modification intervened 3–4 months before the occurrence of the strongest earthquake ( \(M_{\text{w}} = 5.8\) ) of the hydrochemical monitoring period. The consequently derived interpretation was that then, the numerical values of certain geothermometric coefficients were likely altered: such a process could be consistent with changes in the alkali feldspars solubility relationships, possibly in response to episodic Al–Si complexing which might develop within a hypothesised, still active, exhumation-channel. 相似文献