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本文描述了砷在耕作土壤中的作用过程中，有关砷的物质平衡的数学表述形式。需要用许多模型参数定义所涉及砷的物质平衡的数学表述形式，即使是简化的数学形式。根据参数值的范围和源于出版的文献的初始条件进行实例模拟。研究结果表明，由于对耕作土壤施肥和灌溉水，植被对砷的摄入量引起根部区总砷含量逐渐增加。搞清楚植物对砷的吸收和析出与弄清楚对增加砷的去除途径同等重要。反过来，矿物相的溶解动力学和吸附相的分布系数影响植物吸收和浸出的可用性。根据实验室砷矿相的分解、As（III）的矿化和氧化推导出参数，而砷植物的吸收似乎对砷在土壤中的传输估计过高。数学模型的研究是一个简明的过程，而用自信度定义的模型参数值的不同阻碍了它在实际情况中的应用。目前对土壤一一植被系统中砷的传输过程和作用的了解是不充分的，所以要校准或者验证模型。研究必须了解土壤中砷矿物分解和沉淀的动力学原理和土壤中根部生长以及植被砷吸收的动力学原理。 相似文献
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Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of heated flint from Kebara cave show the presence of two radiation sensitive signals: E' and Al. Both are strongly interfered with by organic signals produced during heating of the flint. The signal subtraction method of Porat and Schwarcz (1991) was used to determine equivalent doses for flint samples from levels VII-XII, for which thermoluminescence (TL) ages on the same samples are known. Ages were determined using dose rates based on analyses of the flint and TLD measurements of external dose rates. The average E' age of 48.5 ± 5.1 ka is much less than the average TL age (62.2 ± 4.3 ka), whereas the average age of 64.6 ± 12 ka given by the Al signal is in good agreement with the TL age, but with much larger dispersion. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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The use of petrographic thin sections to examine archaeological sediments has centered on the study of detrital and chemical components of the material. There has been relatively little effort made to study botanical remains—particularly charcoal—with this technique. This paper illustrates that millimeter-size or even smaller fragments examined in undisturbed, artificially indurated samples, which normally would escape collection with standard flotation and sieving techniques, can furnish significant paleobotanical information about the types of vegetal matter found in a site. Samples from cave sediments in Israel and an open-air site in Canada are presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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This review summarizes the paleoecology of the Early and Middle Pleistocene of southwestern Asia, based on both flora and fauna, retrieved from a series of ‘windows’ provided by the excavated sites. The incomplete chrono-stratigraphy of this vast region does not allow to accept the direct chronological correlation between the available sites and events of faunal and hominin dispersals from Africa. It also demonstrates that hominins survived in a mixed landscape of open parkland with forested surrounding hills. In addition, the prevailing environmental conditions are not sufficient to explain successful adaptations to new ecological niches away from the African savanna of the bearers of ‘core and flake’ and the Acheulian industries, The differences in knapping and secondary shaping of stone artifacts probably reflect the learned traditions of different groups of hominins. The current distribution of lithic industries across Eurasia is undoubtedly incomplete due to lack of cultural continuities as well as paucity of field research in several sub-regions. This observation supports the contention that what we view as a constant stream of migrants was actually interrupted many times. The continuous occupation of southwestern Asia by the makers of the Acheulian is in contrast with neighboring regions such as the Iranian plateau and Eastern Europe. A more complex model is required to explain the recorded Eurasian archaeological–cultural mosaic. 相似文献
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