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1.
The paper compares the agricultural heritage conservation schemes of China, Japan and Korea and, in particular, the national programs and their implementation under Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). This comparison allows an understanding of the background of developments, designation criteria, application procedures and implementation structures of GIAHS and of the respective domestic programs in terms of the differences in national circumstances of Japan, China and South Korea. The sequence of implementation of GIAHS and the national program differs in each of the three countries. China introduced a national program after GIAHS designation, Japan has GIAHS but no national program, and Korea implemented a national program before its GIAHS designation. Thus GIAHS candidate sites in China and Korea are now selected from among their respective pools of national agricultural heritage sites. On the other hand, commonalities can be seen in the perspectives of the three countries with regards to agricultural heritage conservation through the common emphasis placed on the designation criteria: historical significance, cultural value, fostering partnerships, rural revitalization and biodiversity conservation associated with the agricultural heritage systems etc. Thus, the cooperation between China, Japan and Korea and the perspectives they have will contribute to proposals for improvements to the FAO designation criteria for GIAHS. These will be comprehensively applicable to both developing and developed countries. 相似文献
2.
A structural model from local earthquake tomography: Application to present-day tectonics of the Upper Rhine Graben 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Tristan Cornu Gideon Lopes Cardozo Sierd Cloetingh Fred Beekman 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,58(1-4):270
We present a novel numerical approach to construct quantitative tectonic models from crustal velocity distributions derived from local earthquake tomography. Independent constraints on the location and orientation of structures are obtained from earthquake hypocenters and seismic reflection profiles. An application of this method is given for the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben (northwestern Europe). Kinematic boundary conditions are imposed on the structural model to investigate the large scale intraplate deformation in the region. A 3-D finite element code is used to calculate the displacements, the distribution of stresses, and the potential for brittle failure in the Graben. The modeling takes into account the intersection and curvature of crustal faults. The results demonstrate the dependence of fault interaction in the system on kinematic conditions, as well as the influence of minor faults on the kinematics of major basin bounding master faults. We show that although most of the deformation in the region is taken up by the eastern boundary faults of the Rhine Graben, all faults in the system have the potential to be (re)activated. In particular, a fault system underlying the front of the Jura fold and thrust belt appears to accommodate a large part of the intraplate deformation. 相似文献
3.
Luis Alberto Rojo Dora Marín Nestor Cardozo Alejandro Escalona Hemin Koyi 《Basin Research》2020,32(5):979-1004
Although the trajectory and geometry of clinoforms in different types of basins have been described in many studies, few studies discuss the influence of halokinesis on clinoforms in salt-related basins. In this study, we analyse the Lower Cretaceous clinoforms in the Tiddlybanken Basin, Norwegian Barents Sea to evaluate the impact of salt mobilization on the geometry and trajectory of clinoforms as well as its implications on sediment partitioning. To accomplish this objective, we use a multidisciplinary approach consisting of seismic and well-interpretation, 3D structural restoration, and forward stratigraphic modelling. The results show that salt mobilization affects prograding clinoforms by: (a) causing lateral variations in progradation rates, resulting in complex palaeogeography, (b) increasing slope angles, which affect the equilibrium of the clinoform profile and can trigger slope-readjustment processes and (c) producing lateral and temporal variations in accommodation space, leading to different clinoform trajectories, stacking patterns and reservoir distribution along the basin. Forward stratigraphic modelling shows that in salt-related basins and other tectonically active basins, the isolated use of conventional methods for clinoform analysis might lead to potential interpretation pitfalls such as misinterpretation of trajectories and overestimation of foreset angles, which can have negative consequences for exploration models. 相似文献
4.
Nestor Cardozo Christopher A.-L. Jackson Paul S. Whipp 《Journal of Structural Geology》2011,33(6):1063-1078
We show the application of a simulated annealing algorithm to trishear inverse modeling. The algorithm traverses the parameter space in search for best-fit models without being trapped in local minima, and thus sampling for more possible solutions globally. Simulated annealing is a robust and efficient technique to determine the uniqueness of best-fit trishear models; the spread of possible trishear models that can fit a structure. We first apply the algorithm to a decameter-size, contractional fault-propagation fold in west-central Taiwan, for which there is an exceptional exposure of pre-growth and growth strata. Simulated annealing shows that even for this complete fold dataset with low uncertainties, there is a range of models and fault slip/uplift histories that can fit the data, with the consequent implications for the assessment of seismic hazard. We then apply the algorithm to a kilometer-size, extensional fault-propagation fold, the Hadahid monocline, Gulf of Suez Rift, Egypt. In this monocline there is only surface coverage in the footwall anticline areas and the algorithm was used to delimit the range of possible models that can fit the data and their uncertainties, thus avoiding biases in the interpretation. Simulated annealing suggests that the along-strike structural variability of the monocline can result from along-strike variability in fault slip, fault propagation to fault slip ratio and depth of fault nucleation. Both examples illustrate the benefits of searching for a possible range of models rather than a precise best-fit model when modeling fault-propagation folds. In an attempt to understand which parameters control fault development, and also how the spread of possible solutions varies with fold growth, we apply the algorithm to four sequential stages of a published, analog clay model of an extensional forced fold. The inversions of the natural examples and the analog model suggest that the spread of the possible models is a manifestation of the data uncertainties, the suitability of the trishear model, fold evolution, and rock mechanical properties. 相似文献
5.
Mario Cardozo 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):443-446
Web 2.0 has yielded a wealth of publicly available data, largely through the popularization of social media and the proliferation of user-generated content (UGC). Thus, the data void in social science research is diminishing as these new data sources are exploited. The discipline of geography, in particular, stands to benefit considerably from geotagged UGC or volunteered geographic information (VGI). In this article, we utilize a form of UGC—restaurant reviews—to evaluate the geography of Web 2.0 in Franklin County, Ohio. We find that restaurant reviews are largely concentrated in relatively few areas of the city, indicating that the impacts of Web 2.0 have not touched down evenly within the central county of the Columbus metropolitan statistical area. We argue that an intraurban digital divide is still apparent and might even be exacerbated by Web 2.0. 相似文献
6.
P. V. Bhaskar Evonne Cardozo Asha Giriyan Anita Garg Narayan B. Bhosle 《Estuaries and Coasts》2000,23(5):722-734
Data on hydrography, nutrients, suspended particles, and sedimented particles were collected at weekly intervals from November to May during 1995 to 1997 at a station in the coastal waters of Dona Paula Bay, India. Suspended and sedimented particles were analyzed for total suspended matter (SPM), total sedimented particulate matter (TPM), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), chlorophylla (chla), and diatom abundance. Variations in hydrography and nutrients influenced the quantity and composition of sedimented particles. The TPM, POC, PON, and chla fluxes showed small-scale seasonal variations and were higher in the summer (February to May) than in the winter (November to January). Resuspension of carbon accounted for approximately 25% of the gross POC and was highest in April 1997 (45%). The mean net POC flux was 197±90 mg C m−2 d−1 and accounts for 4.6% of the TPM. The average C∶N (w∶w) ratio of the sedimented material was 13.2±6.6. The POC:chla ratio was relatively higher in the sedimented material as compared to the suspended material. The particulate carbon reaching the bottom sediment was 39% of the primary production. The low organic carbon concentration (approximately 0.1% of dry sediment) in the sediments implies that about 98% of the sedimented carbon was either consumed at the sedimentwater interface or resuspended/advected before it was finally buried into the sediments. 相似文献
7.
Oskar Vidal‐Royo Nestor Cardozo Josep Anton Muñoz Stuart Hardy Laurent Maerten 《Basin Research》2012,24(3):295-313
Three‐dimensional (3D) modelling allows observation of geological features that may not be evident by classical two‐dimensional approaches. This is particularly important in the Pico del Águila anticline (Central External Sierras, Southern Pyrenees, Spain), a structure characterized by important geometrical variability in 3D. The Pico del Águila is a N–S‐trending fold, transverse to the E–W‐trending South‐Pyrenean thrust front, with well‐exposed growth strata that record the evolution of the structure and the influence of the South‐Pyrenean thrust front. Fold kinematics is complex and not precisely quantified. It is characterized by multiple folding mechanisms acting simultaneously in a heterogeneous stratigraphic sequence. To better understand the fold's structural evolution, 3D reconstruction and geomechanical restoration of the structure were performed. The restoration takes into account rock mechanical properties without assuming a specific kinematic model. Our work suggests that the growth of the structure was characterized by variable uplift/sedimentation rates through time and between fold limbs. The restoration also reveals that a combination of multiple folding mechanisms operated simultaneously in different units and structural domains during anti‐clinal growth. This has major implications in the understanding of detachment folds with associated growth strata, as such structures are described in many settings as potential traps for hydrocarbons and natural resources. 相似文献
8.
Approximately ten years have passed since Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) was introduced to Japan in 2011, with 11 GIAHS sites designated so far. The Japan Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (J-NIAHS), which considers resilience, multi-stakeholder participation and sixth industrialization, was subsequently established in 2016, and has designated 15 J-NIAHS sites. GIAHS sites can be classified into three major types: Landscape, farming method, and genetic resource conservation types, and most Japanese GIAHS sites are of the landscape type. Since there is almost no national subsidy for GIAHS or J-NIAHS, designated sites are expected to secure funding for conservation from their own efforts. For this reason, a voluntary network of the Japanese GIAHS sites has been active in promoting cooperation on GIAHS conservation. The priorities of the Japanese GIAHS have focused on raising public awareness about GIAHS and J-NIAHS, improving livelihoods, as well as fostering the international exchange of experience and knowledge regarding Agricultural Heritage Systems, especially among Japan, China and Korea. 相似文献
9.
Pereira Gabriel Silva Maria Elisa Siqueira Moraes Elisabete Caria Chiquetto Júlio Barboza da Silva Cardozo Francielle 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(1-2):521-538
Land use and land cover maps and their physical-chemical and biological properties are important variables in the numerical modeling of Earth systems. In this context, the main objective of this study is to analyze the improvements resulting from the land use and land cover map update in numerical simulations performed using the Regional Climate Model system version 4 (RegCM4), as well as the seasonal variations of physical parameters used by the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). In general, the update of the South America 2007 land use and land cover map, used by the BATS, improved the simulation of precipitation by 10 %, increasing the mean temporal correlation coefficient, compared to observed data, from 0.84 to 0.92 (significant at p < 0.05, Student’s t test). Correspondingly, the simulations performed with adjustments in maximum fractional vegetation cover, in visible and shortwave infrared reflectance, and in the leaf area index, showed a good agreement for maximum and minimum temperature, with values closer to observed data. The changes in physical parameters and land use updating in BATS/RegCM4 reduced overestimation of simulated precipitation from 19 to 7 % (significant at p < 0.05, Student’s t test). Regarding evapotranspiration and precipitation, the most significant differences due to land use updating were located (1) in the Amazon deforestation arc; (2) around the Brazil-Bolivia border (in the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands); (3) in the Northeast region of Brazil; (4) in northwestern Paraguay; and (5) in the River Plate Basin, in Argentina. Moreover, the main precipitation differences between sensitivity and control experiments occurred during the rainy months in central-north South America (October to March). These were associated with a displacement in the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) positioning, presenting a spatial pattern of alternated areas with higher and lower precipitation rates. These important differences occur due to the replacement of tropical rainforest for pasture and agriculture and the replacement of agricultural areas for pasture, scrubland, and deciduous forest.
相似文献10.
Causes of spatially variable tectonic subsidence in the Miocene Bermejo Foreland Basin, Argentina 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT Tectonic subsidence in the 20–9 Ma Bermejo basin resulted from spatially variable crustal loading on a lithosphere of spatially variable strength (e.g. elastic thickness). Reconstruction of the crustal loads added between 20 and 9 Ma, and assessment of the effects of these loads on an elastic, isotropic lithosphere confirm this hypothesis. Elastic models effectively explain tectonic subsidence east of the Iglesia–Calingasta basin, but west of it crustal loads were locally compensated. Elastic models also prove that the 20–9 Ma Frontal Cordillera loading is of no importance in the mechanical system of the Bermejo basin. 2D and 3D elastic models of a uniformly strong lithosphere under 20–9 Ma crustal loads corrected for post‐9 Ma erosion successfully replicate the 9 Ma Bermejo basin's proximal palaeotopography. However, they fail to replicate the 9 Ma basin's medial and distal palaeotopography. A 3D finite element model of a lithosphere with bimodal strength (weak below the Bermejo basin and west of the Precordillera, and strong below the Precordillera and east of the Valle Fértil lineament) successfully replicates the 9 Ma basin's palaeotopography. That variable strength model introduces a southward decrease in the wavelength of flexural deformation, which results in a basin that narrows southward, consistent with the 9 Ma Bermejo basin. The preferred 9 Ma lithospheric strength distribution is similar to the present lithospheric strength field derived from gravity data, suggesting that the bimodal strength signature was retained throughout the entire basin's evolution. Late Miocene flattening of the subducting slab, tectonic change to a broken foreland, or deposition of a thick (～8–10 km) sedimentary cover did not affect the strength of the lithosphere underlying the Bermejo basin. The long‐term bimodal strength field does not correlate with the documented thickness of the seismogenic crust. 相似文献