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Lise Byskov Herslund Fatemeh Jalayer Nathalie Jean-Baptiste Gertrud Jørgensen Sigrun Kabisch Wilbard Kombe Sarah Lindley Patrik Karlsson Nyed Stephan Pauleit Andreas Printz Trond Vedeld 《Natural Hazards》2016,82(2):149-172
In this paper, we develop and apply a multi-dimensional vulnerability assessment framework for understanding the impacts of climate change-induced hazards in Sub-Saharan African cities. The research was carried out within the European/African FP7 project CLimate change and Urban Vulnerability in Africa, which investigated climate change-induced risks, assessed vulnerability and proposed policy initiatives in five African cities. Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) was used as a main case with a particular focus on urban flooding. The multi-dimensional assessment covered the physical, institutional, attitudinal and asset factors influencing urban vulnerability. Multiple methods were applied to cover the full range of vulnerabilities and to identify potential response strategies, including: model-based forecasts, spatial analyses, document studies, interviews and stakeholder workshops. We demonstrate the potential of the approach to assessing several dimensions of vulnerability and illustrate the complexity of urban vulnerability at different scales: households (e.g., lacking assets); communities (e.g., situated in low-lying areas, lacking urban services and green areas); and entire cities (e.g., facing encroachment on green and flood-prone land). Scenario modeling suggests that vulnerability will continue to increase strongly due to the expected loss of agricultural land at the urban fringes and loss of green space within the city. However, weak institutional commitment and capacity limit the potential for strategic coordination and action. To better adapt to urban flooding and thereby reduce vulnerability and build resilience, we suggest working across dimensions and scales, integrating climate change issues in city-level plans and strategies and enabling local actions to initiate a ‘learning-by-doing’ process of adaptation. 相似文献
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Dr. Gertrud K. Osman-Sigg Prof. Dr. Werner Stumm 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1982,44(2):405-422
The size distribution of suspended particles in Lake Zürich water shows always the same shape, irrespective of the total concentration of particles, depth or season. The particle size distribution can be described by a function of the form $$\frac{{\Delta {\rm N}(d_p )}}{{\Delta d_p }} = n(d_p ) = {\rm A}d_p^{ - m} $$ where N (dp)=concentration of particles with diameters between dp and dp+Δdp [cm?3], dp=particle diameter [μm], A=constant of the particle size distribution, n(dp)=particle size distribution function. m was found to be about 3.5. Model calculations show that coagulation determines the particle size distribution. The lake model consists in three completely mixed parts: the epilimnion, the thermocline and the hypolimnion. The effect of outflow of particles by a river, sedimentation and coagulation on the particle size distribution were investigated. 相似文献
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Gertrud Prahm 《Ocean Dynamics》1961,14(6):217-239
Zusammenfassung Das hydrographische Beobachtungsmaterial, welches auf dem Feuerschiff S 2 in den Jahren 1948–1953 im Grenzbereich zwischen Deutscher Bucht und südwestlicher Nordsee gewonnen wurde, wird im Zusammenhang dargestellt und diskutiert. Zunächst wird ein Überblick über den jährlichen Gang von Salzgehalt und Temperatur in den einzelnen Tiefenstufen gegeben. Betrachtungen der statistischen Verteilungen dieser Elemente sowie ihrer täglichen und siebentägigen Änderungen schließen sich an. Zuletzt werden der thermohaline Aufbau und seine periodischen Veränderungen sowie seine aperiodischen Störungen untersucht.Es ergibt sich: das Seegebiet um S 2 ist das ganze Jahr über nahezu homohalin, durchgehend homotherm aber nur im Winter. Homothermie kommt zwar gelegentlich auch im Sommer vor, doch ist in der warmen Jahreszeit das Wasser meist thermisch geschichtet. Die Stabilität dieser Schichtung ist aber nicht sehr groß. Fast den ganzen Sommer über geht ein—bald stärkerer, bald schwächerer—Wärmestrom von der Oberfläche in die tieferen Wasserschichten. Sie nehmen—trotz Sprungschichtbildung—an der sommerlichen Erwärmung teil. Die jährlichen Temperatur-schwankungen sind daher im Bodeawasser fast ebenso groß wie im Oberflächenwasser. Auf Grund dieser hydrographischen Eigentümlichkeiten stellt der Bereich um S 2 ein Übergangsgebiet dar zwischen der das ganze Jahr über stets völlig durchmischten südlichen Nordsee und den im Sommer thermisch stabil geschichteten Regionen der mittleren Nordsee, in der die Temperatursprungschicht als Sperrschicht wirkt.
Dieser Aufsatz ist ein Teil eines Vortrages, der die für die International Association of Physical Oceanography der XII. General Assembly U.G.G.I., Helsinki 1960, vorgeschen war; der Vortrag wurde nicht gehalten. Eine Zusammenfassung erschien in den Preprints der oben genannten Association unter dem Titel: Hydrographische Elemente sowie Auf-und Abbau der Sprungschicht im Grenzbereich der Deutschen Bucht und südwestlichen Nordsee, dargestellt unter Benutzung der mehrjährigen Beobachtungsreihen des Feuerschiffes S 2. 相似文献
The observations on light vessel S 2. A contribution to the hydrography of the area between German Bight and the south-western part of the North Sea
Summary The hydrographic observational material that has been obtained on light vessel S 2 during the period from 1948 to 1953 in the area between German Bight and the south-western part of the North Sea is represented as a whole and discussed. At first, the annual variations of salinity and temperature at the different depths are outlined, then the statistical distribution of the elements as well as their variations from day to day and from week to week are discussed. At last, the thermo-haline structure and its periodic variations as well as its aperiodic disturbances are investigated.The result of these investigations is as follows: The sea around S 2 is almost isohaline throughout the whole year, it is, however, isothermal from the surface to the bottom only in winter. It may occasionally be isothermal even in summer, as a rule, however, there is observed a thermal stratification of the water during the summer months; its stability is, however, not very strong. Almost throughout the whole summer a current of heat, varying in strength, is moving from the surface down to the deeper water layers, which too, take part in the summerly process of heating in spite of the development of discontinuity layers. The annual temperature variations of the bottom water are almost just as great as those of the surface water. Owing to these hydrographic particularities the area around light vessel S 2 may be considered as a transitional area between the southern North Sea which throughout the whole year is always fully mixed up, and the central part of the North Sea with its stable thermal stratification where the thermocline has the effect of a bar (Sperrschicht).
Les observations à bord du bateau-feu «S 2». Une contribution à la hydrographie des parazes entre la baie. Allemande et la zone sud-ouest de la mer du Nord
Résumé Le matériel d'observation hydrographique, obtenu à bord du bateau-feu «S 2» dans les parages entre la baie Allemande et la zone sud-ouest de la mer du Nord pendant la période de 1948 à 1953 est représenté dans son ensemble et discuté. D'abord, un aperçu est présenté qui traite les variations annuelles de la salinité et de la température dans les divers étages de profondeur, puis on discute les distributions statistiques de ces éléments ainsi que leurs variations de jour en jour et de semaine en semaine. Enfin, la distribution verticale de la température et de la salinité ainsi que les variations périodiques et les perturbations apériodiques en font l'objet de l'étude.Il en résulte: La zone au voisinage du bateau-feu «S 2» est presque isohaline pendant toute l'année, elle est, cependant, isotherme à partir de la surface jusqu'au fond seulement pendant les mois d'hiver. De temps en temps, il se produit de l'homothermie même pendant les mois d'été, mais le plus souvent les eaux montrent en été des stratifications thermiques. La stabilité de cette stratification n'est pas, cependant, trop forte. Pendant presque tous les mois d'été un courant thermique, variant en puissance, se meut de la surface jusqu'aux couches profondes, qui, malgré la présence des couches de discontinuité, prennent également part à l'échauffement estival des eaux. Les variations annuelles de la température dans les eaux au voisinage du fond sont, done, presque aussi fortes que celles qui se produisent dans les eaux de la surface. A cause de ces particularités hydrographiques les parages au voisinage du bateau-feu «S 2» peuvent être considérés comme zone de transition entre la partie sud la de mer du Nord, qui est complètement mélangée pendant toute l'année, et les zones de la partie centrale de la mer du Nord, qui montrent une stratification thermique stabile pendant les mois d'été. D'ailleurs, dans cette partie de la mer du Nord, la couche thermique de discontinuité agit comme couche de barrage (Sperrschicht).
Dieser Aufsatz ist ein Teil eines Vortrages, der die für die International Association of Physical Oceanography der XII. General Assembly U.G.G.I., Helsinki 1960, vorgeschen war; der Vortrag wurde nicht gehalten. Eine Zusammenfassung erschien in den Preprints der oben genannten Association unter dem Titel: Hydrographische Elemente sowie Auf-und Abbau der Sprungschicht im Grenzbereich der Deutschen Bucht und südwestlichen Nordsee, dargestellt unter Benutzung der mehrjährigen Beobachtungsreihen des Feuerschiffes S 2. 相似文献
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Herslund Lise Byskov Jalayer Fatemeh Jean-Baptiste Nathalie J&#;rgensen Gertrud Kabisch Sigrun Kombe Wilbard Lindley Sarah Nyed Patrik Karlsson Pauleit Stephan Printz Andreas Vedeld Trond 《Natural Hazards》2015,82(2):149-172
In this paper, we develop and apply a multi-dimensional vulnerability assessment framework for understanding the impacts of climate change-induced hazards in Sub-Saharan African cities. The research was carried out within the European/African FP7 project CLimate change and Urban Vulnerability in Africa, which investigated climate change-induced risks, assessed vulnerability and proposed policy initiatives in five African cities. Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) was used as a main case with a particular focus on urban flooding. The multi-dimensional assessment covered the physical, institutional, attitudinal and asset factors influencing urban vulnerability. Multiple methods were applied to cover the full range of vulnerabilities and to identify potential response strategies, including: model-based forecasts, spatial analyses, document studies, interviews and stakeholder workshops. We demonstrate the potential of the approach to assessing several dimensions of vulnerability and illustrate the complexity of urban vulnerability at different scales: households (e.g., lacking assets); communities (e.g., situated in low-lying areas, lacking urban services and green areas); and entire cities (e.g., facing encroachment on green and flood-prone land). Scenario modeling suggests that vulnerability will continue to increase strongly due to the expected loss of agricultural land at the urban fringes and loss of green space within the city. However, weak institutional commitment and capacity limit the potential for strategic coordination and action. To better adapt to urban flooding and thereby reduce vulnerability and build resilience, we suggest working across dimensions and scales, integrating climate change issues in city-level plans and strategies and enabling local actions to initiate a ‘learning-by-doing’ process of adaptation.
相似文献7.
Seven hitherto unpublished Dorcatherium guntianum teeth from the Early Miocene of Germany are described. Morphology and size of the teeth are documented in detail and taxonomic affiliation is assessed based on comparisons to type materials of European tragulids. The fossils represent one of the earliest European Dorcatherium records and the oldest unequivocal evidence of D. guntianum from Germany. A review of the European Dorcatherium occurrence pattern suggests that a bunoselenodont and a selenodont lineage immigrated into Europe simultaneously from the East or Southeast, and corroborates the interpretation of the genus as being diphyletic. Moreover, our data add support to immigration scenarios that have been linked with the emerging freshwater wetlands, which formed as a result of the regression in the Western Paratethys. 相似文献
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Rudolf Giovanoli Rudolf Brütsch Dieter Diem Gertrud Osman-Sigg Laura Sigg 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1980,42(2):89-100
Settling particles in the Lake Zürich were collected at different depths. Water samples and particles have been analyzed for
heavy metals and for organic matter elements. Samples were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy, energy dispersive X ray and X ray. The elemental composition of the settling particles was found to be almost
constant. Special remarks are made on iron and phosphate and on manganese. Manganese oxidizing microorganisms were found near
the bottom of the lake. 相似文献