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Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial sulfate reduction in organic-rich sediments 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Isotope fractionation during sulfate reduction by natural populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria was investigated in the cyanobacterial microbial mats of Solar Lake, Sinai and the sediments of Logten Lagoon sulfuretum, Denmark. Fractionation was measured at different sediment depths, sulfate concentrations, and incubation temperatures. Rates of sulfate reduction varied between 0.1 and 37 micromoles cm-3 d-1, with the highest rates among the highest ever reported from natural sediments. The depletion of 34S during dissimilatory sulfate reduction ranged from 16% to 42%, with the largest 34S-depletions associated with the lowest rates of sulfate reduction and the lowest 34S-depletions with the highest rates. However, at high sulfate reduction rates (>10 micromoles cm-3 d-1) the lowest fractionation was 20% independent of the rates. Overall, there was a similarity between the fractionation obtained by the natural populations of sulfate reducers and previous measurements from pure cultures. This was somewhat surprising given the extremely high rates of sulfate reduction in the experiments. Our results are explained if we conclude that the fractionation was mainly controlled by the specific rate of sulfate reduction (mass cell-1 time-1) and not by the absolute rate (mass volume-1 time-1). Sedimentary sulfides (mainly FeS2) were on average 40% depleted in 34S compared to seawater sulfate. This amount of depletion was more than could be explained by the isotopic fractionations that we measured during bacterial sulfate reduction. Therefore, additional processes contributing to the fractionation of sulfur isotopes in the sediments are indicated. From both Solar Lake and Logten Lagoon we were able to enrich cultures of elemental sulfur-disproportionating bacteria. We suggest that isotope fractionation accompanying elemental sulfur disproportionation contributes to the 34S depletion of sedimentary sulfides at our study sites. 相似文献
2.
Hermann Habicht 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1951,39(1):303-304
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
3.
Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der Abnahme der Strahlungsbilanz in den oberflächennahen Schichten eines Gletschers wurde ein thermoelektrischer Strahlungsbilanzmesser gebaut. Er hat eine Empfängerfläche von nur 7,5 mm Durchmesser. Durch seine kleine Ausführung wird eine fast störungsfreie Messung der Strahlungsbilanz in der Oberschicht des Eises möglich, woraus eine direkte Berechnung des Energieumsatzes in dieser Schicht erfolgen kann. Weiter werden einige Hinweise zur Berechnung der optimalen Drahtquerschnitte der zwischen den Empfängerflächen befindlichen Thermosäule gegeben.Die in reinem Gletschereis ausgeführten Strahlungsbilanzmessungen ergaben in der oberflächennahen Schicht (0 bis 20 cm) einen mittleren Extinktionskoeffizienten von 0,14 cm–1. In Tiefen unter 20 cm ist der Extinktionskoeffizient konstant 0,0184 cm–1. In 1 bis 2 cm Eistiefe sind bereits 50% des Energieangebotes an der Oberfläche absorbiert; in 10 cm Tiefe sind nur noch 10% der Oberflächenenergie vorhanden. Damit nimmt die Strahlungsbilanz in der Oberschicht etwas stärker ab als die Totalstrahlung, die mit einem kugelförmigen Empfänger gemessen wird.
Mit 4 Textabbildungen
Dem Gedenken an Dr.Franz Sauberer gewidmet. 相似文献
Summary A thermoelectric instrument was built to investigate the drop of radiation balance in the top ice layers of a glacier. The radiation sensitive area of the instrument has a diameter of no more than 7,5 mm and allows nearly undisturbed measurement of the radiation balance. The data obtained permit a direct calculation of the energy transformations taking place in these layers. Calculations are given of the optimum wire size for the thermoelectric elements between the two receiver plates.Measurements were made in pure glacier ice. The average extinction coefficient in the layers from 0 to 20 cm depth was found to be 0,14 cm–1. Below that depth the extinction coefficient assumes a constant value of 0,0184 cm–1. Half of the incident energy is absorbed in the first 1 or 2 cm. At a depth of 10 cm only 10 percent of the energy remain. Thus the radiation balance decreases somewhat more sharply than the short-wave radiation measured with a spherical receiver.
Résumé On a construit un appareil de mesure thermoélectrique du bilan de rayonnement pour étudier la diminution de ce bilan dans les couches voisines de la surface d'un glacier. Il a une surface réceptrice d'un diamètre de 7,5 mm seulement; sa petitesse permet une mesure du bilan de rayonnement dans la couche superficielle de la glace sans y apporter de trouble essentiel, d'où résulte un calcul direct de l'échange d'énergie dans cette couche. On donne quelques indications concernant le calcul des sections les plus favorables des conducteurs de l'élément thermoélectrique placé entre les surfaces réceptrices.Les mesures faites dans la glace pure de glacier ont fourni pour la couche voisine de la surface (0 à 20 cm) un coefficient moyen d'extinction de 0,14 cm–1; au-delà de 20 cm, le coefficient est constant et égal à 0,0184 cm–1. A une profondeur de 1 à 2 cm, le 50% de l'énergie incidente est déjà absorbé, à une profondeur de 10 cm le 90%. Ainsi le bilan de rayonnement diminue dans la couche superficielle un peu plus rapidement que le rayonnement global mesuré par récepteur sphérique.
Mit 4 Textabbildungen
Dem Gedenken an Dr.Franz Sauberer gewidmet. 相似文献
4.
SK Pathan VK Shukla RG Patel BR Patel KS Mehta 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1991,19(2):95-112
Proper urban planning and effective implementation requires reliable urban land use statistics. In this context, satellite remote sensing data has been studied using both visual and digital techniques. A portable eight-band radiometer has been used to collect spectral signatures of surface features present in Ahmedabad city and its environs. Using these signatures a suitable approach employing visual and digital techniques has been developed for urban land use/sprawl mapping. Urban land-use maps of Ahmedabad city and its environs were prepared on 1:25,000 scale and for Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority Area on 1:50,000 scale using this methodology. It has been found that edge-enhancement techniques are useful to enhance the contrast among different urban land uses. Classification techniques such as MXL and Bayes classifiers are not successful in discriminating urban land uses. Tonal characteristics alongwith other elements of interpretation are required to classify urban land uses such as residential, industrial etc. Spatial distribution of various urban and uses and the space devoted to each urban land use has been brought out. 相似文献
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To understand the nature of land degradation and factors responsible for it, investigations were carried out in Etah district with an area of 4.45 lakh hectares. For identification of soil/land degradation problems, multidate Landsat, TM spectral bands and FCC were used. It is observed that salt-affected soils are sharply depicted by light and dark gray mixed tone on band 3, while they are not clear on band 4. Flood plain and waterlogged soils are clearly observed on band 4. Band 6 (10.3 – 12.5 µm) helps in separation of broad zones of coarse and fine-textured soils, active flood plain of rivers, and eroded and gullied lands. The confusion between coarse-textured droughty soils and salt-affected areas in TM FCC (2, 3, 4) could be eliminated by use of band-6 data in combination with FCC. For delineation of problematic areas, two approaches were followed viz. (i) physiographic approach, and (ii) direct approach. In the physiographic approach landscape map associated with image characteristics was prepared. Further the image interpretation units were interpreted for land degradation hazards. With this approach physiography and soil relationship and the degradation problems vis-a-vis soil units could be established and ameliorative measures as per soil condition can be suggested. In direct approach, the problematic areas as per predetermined key were demarcated. Out of 4.45 lakh ha of the area, 1.99 lakh ha is affected by various soil degradation problems, like droughty soils, flooding hazard and salinity and alkalinity which cover 22.1%, 50.0% and 27.9%, respectively. To study the distribution of a salt-affected lands, major physiographic boundaries were superimposed over the land degradation map prepared by direct approach. It is observed that 81.5% of the salt-affected areas lie in the old alluvial plain while 18.5% is in recent flood plain. 相似文献
6.
Hermann Habicht 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1956,45(2):296-304
Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einer regionalen Kartierung des Pfälzer Sattels kann gesagt werden, daß die tektonischen Einheiten des Pfälzer Sattels aus eruptivgebundenen Pseudostrukturen geringen Tiefganges und tiefgreifenden echten Sattelund Aufwölbungsstrukturen bestehen. Diese lagern sich gesetzmäßig abwechselnd zu mehreren weit durchzuverfolgenden Strukturachsen zusammen, die von SW nach NE auseinanderstreben. Diese Hauptstrukturen werden von mehreren Bruchsystemen gekreuzt, von denen die NE-gerichteten streichenden Störungszonen älter sind als die sie schneidenden NW-SE-Störungen.An die echten Faltungsstrukturen sind auch im wesentlichen die Asphaltspuren gebunden, die sich zusammen mit Salzwasser- und Gasaustritten auf den NW-Pfälzer Sattel zu konzentrieren scheinen.Die recht merklichen Ölspuren von Frankenholz im Saargebiet lassen es nicht aussichtslos erscheinen, auch an anderen Stellen des Pfälzer Sattels weitere Vorkommen anzutreffen. 相似文献
7.
Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Mikroempfängern wurde das Extinktionsvermögen von oberflächennahen Eisschichten der Gletscher und von verschiedenen Schneesorten im kurzwelligen Spektralbereich untersucht und der Extinktionskoeffizient als Funktion der Tiefe (bis 50 cm) und der Wellenlänge bestimmt. Die räumliche Verteilung der Streustrahlung wurde mit Richtempfängern in drei Filterbereichen (650 m, 825 m, 950 m) gemessen. Es wird gezeigt, daß der Extinktionskoeffizient in den oberflächennahen Eisschichten stark von der Meßrichtung abhängt und dadurch in der Oberschicht die räumliche Strahlungsverteilung mit der Tiefe wesentlich verformt wird. Nur Messungen der Strahlungsbilanz können daher über die absorbierte Strahlungsenergie, die in Wärme umgewandelt wird, Aufschluß geben. In tieferen Schichten (x>25 cm) wird der Extinktionskoeffizient von der Meßrichtung unabhängig. In diesem Bereich wird die Theorie vonR. V. Dunkle undJ. T. Gier angewendet und der Streu- und Absorptionskoeffizient berechnet. Im Schnee wird keine Abhängigkeit des Extinktionskoeffizienten von der Meßrichtung gefuden. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde die Porösität der Oberschicht berechnet und der Betrag der inneren Ablation angegeben. Zur Ausbildung der porösen Oberschicht werden im Extremfall etwa 200 cal/cm2 verbraucht. Die Art der räumlichen Verteilung der Streustrahlung erlaubt eine neue Erklärung für den Tagesgang der Albedo von Eis.
Mit 6 Textabbildungen 相似文献
Summary Small sensing elements were used to measure radiation extinction in glacier ice and various types of snow. The extinction coefficient for short-wave radiation as a function of depth (down to 50 cm below the surface) and wavelength is given. The spacial distribution of scattered radiation was measured in three wavelengths (650, 825, and 950 m), by means of directional receivers. It is shown that, in the upper layers, the extinction coefficient strongly depends on the direction of the measurement. Therefore, the spacial distribution of radiation below the surface is deformed, Determination of the radiative energy absorbed by the ice and transformed into heat requires measurements of the radiation balance. At greater depths (>25 cm) the extinction coefficient becomes independent of the direction of measurement. For this range the theory ofR. V. Dunkle andJ. T. Gier was applied and the coefficients of scattering and absorption computed. Observations in snow rendered no dependency of the extinction coefficient on the direction of measurement. Using the present results the porosity of the upper ice layer was calculated and internal ablation determined. Under extreme circumstances, the formation of a porous surface layer consumes about 200 cal/cm2. Considering the spacial distribution of scattered radiation a new explanation of the daily variation of albedo of ice is given.
Résumé On détermine à l'aide de récepteurs de petites dimensions les propriétés de l'extinction (affaiblissement total) des couches de glace proches de la surface des glaciers et de diverses sortes de neige. On s'est attaché à l'étude des ondes courtes du spectre et à la recherche du coefficient d'extinction en fonction de la profondeur (jusqua'à 50 cm) et de la fréquence des ondes. La répartition du rayonnement diffus dans l'espace fut mesurée pour les domaines de 3 filtres (650 m, 825m et 950m). On démontre ensuite que le coefficient d'extinction dépend de la direction de mesure dans les couches superficielles de la glace et que la répartition spaciale du rayonnement est, de ce fait, passablement déformée en profondeur. Seules des mesures du bilan de radiation peuvent donc indiquer l'énergie absorbée qui est transformée en chaleur. Dès que la profondeur dépasse 25cm, le coefficient d'extinction est indépendant de la direction selon laquelle il est mesuré. On applique dans cette zone la théorie deR. V. Dunkle etJ. T. Gier et l'on peut calculer les coefficients d'absorption et de dispersion. Dans la neige par contre, on n'a pas trouvé de relation étroite entre le coefficient d'extinction et la direction de mesure. Partant de ces recherches, on a calculé la porosité des couches superficielles et la valeur de l'ablation interne. Il faut, dans les cas extrêmes, 200 cal/cm2 pour former la couche poreuse superficielle. La manière dont le rayonnement diffus se répartit dans l'espace permet de formuler une nouvelle explication de la variation diurne de l'albédo de la glace.
Mit 6 Textabbildungen 相似文献
8.
Estimation of sediment sources using selected chemical tracers in the Perry lake basin,Kansas,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The ability to achieve meaningful decreases in sediment loads to reservoirs requires a determination of the relative importance of sediment sources within the contributing basins. In an investigation of sources of fine-grained sediment （clay and silt） within the Perry Lake Basin in northeast Kansas, representative samples of channel-bank sources, surface-soil sources （cropland and grassland）, and reservoir bottom sediment were collected, chemically analyzed, and compared. The samples were sieved to isolate the 〈63μt m fraction and analyzed for selected nutrients （total nitrogen and total phosphorus）, organic and total carbon, 25 trace elements, and the radionuclide cesium-137 （^137Cs）. On the basis of substantial and consistent compositional differences among the source types, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and ^137Cs were selected for use in the estimation of sediment sources. To further account for differences in particle-size composition between the sources and the reservoir bottom sediment, constituent ratio and clay-normalization techniques were used. Computed ratios included TOC to TN, TOC to TP, and TN to TP. Constituent concentrations （TN, TP, TOC） and activities （^137Cs） were normalized by dividing by the percentage of clay. Thus, the sediment-source estimations involved the use of seven sediment-source indicators. Within the Perry Lake Basin, the consensus of the seven indicators was that both channel-bank and surface-soil sources were important in the Atchison County Lake and Banner Creek Reservoir subbasins, whereas channel-bank sources were dominant in the Mission Lake subbasin. On the sole basis of ^137Cs activity, surface-soil sources contributed the most free-grained sediment to Atchison County Lake, and channel-bank sources contributed the most fine-grained sediment to Banner Creek Reservoir and Mission Lake. Both the seven-indicator consensus and ^137Cs indicated that channelbank sources were dominant for Perry Lake and that channel-bank sources increased in importance with distance downstream in the basin. 相似文献
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