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1.
Jonas Ardö Meelis Mölder Bashir Awad El-Tahir Hatim Abdalla Mohammed Elkhidir 《Carbon balance and management》2008,3(1):1-18
Background
Large spatial, seasonal and annual variability of major drivers of the carbon cycle (precipitation, temperature, fire regime and nutrient availability) are common in the Sahel region. This causes large variability in net ecosystem exchange and in vegetation productivity, the subsistence basis for a major part of the rural population in Sahel. This study compares the 2005 dry and wet season fluxes of CO2 for a grass land/sparse savanna site in semi arid Sudan and relates these fluxes to water availability and incoming photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Data from this site could complement the current sparse observation network in Africa, a continent where climatic change could significantly impact the future and which constitute a weak link in our understanding of the global carbon cycle.Results
The dry season (represented by Julian day 35–46, February 2005) was characterized by low soil moisture availability, low evapotranspiration and a high vapor pressure deficit. The mean daily NEE (net ecosystem exchange, Eq. 1) was -14.7 mmol d-1 for the 12 day period (negative numbers denote sinks, i.e. flux from the atmosphere to the biosphere). The water use efficiency (WUE) was 1.6 mmol CO2 mol H2O-1 and the light use efficiency (LUE) was 0.95 mmol CO2 mol PPFD-1. Photosynthesis is a weak, but linear function of PPFD. The wet season (represented by Julian day 266–273, September 2005) was, compared to the dry season, characterized by slightly higher soil moisture availability, higher evapotranspiration and a slightly lower vapor pressure deficit. The mean daily NEE was -152 mmol d-1 for the 8 day period. The WUE was lower, 0.97 mmol CO2 mol H2O-1 and the LUE was higher, 7.2 μmol CO2 mmol PPFD-1 during the wet season compared to the dry season. During the wet season photosynthesis increases with PPFD to about 1600 μmol m-2s-1 and then levels off.Conclusion
Based on data collected during two short periods, the studied ecosystem was a sink of carbon both during the dry and wet season 2005. The small sink during the dry season is surprising and similar dry season sinks have not to our knowledge been reported from other similar savanna ecosystems and could have potential management implications for agroforestry. A strong response of NEE versus small changes in plant available soil water content was found. Collection and analysis of flux data for several consecutive years including variations in precipitation, available soil moisture and labile soil carbon are needed for understanding the year to year variation of the carbon budget of this grass land/sparse savanna site in semi arid Sudan. 相似文献2.
Sustaining the human ecological benefits of surface water requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative
risks posed by diverse human activities. Municipal governments in Aksaray City play a key role in developing solutions to
surface water management and protection problems. The responsibility to provide drinking water and sewage works, regulate
the use of private land, and protect public health provides the mandate and authority to take action. A large part of Aksaray
City uses Mamasın dam water as its primary source for drinking water. Several point sources of contamination may result from
direct wastewater discharges from Melendiz and Karasu rivers, which recharge the Mamasın dam watershed. Relevant studies were
carried out for monitoring the eutrophication process, which usually occurs in the static water mass of the Mamasın dam lake.
This process may be caused by the continual increase in nutrients and decrease of O2 levels, causing anaerobic conditions. Stimulated algae growth in these water bodies consequently reduces water quality. Hydrochemical
parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts
on the Mamasın dam drinking water reservoir. 相似文献
3.
4.
H. Elhatip 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):27-33
The carbonate rocks of Turkey, which underlie about one third of the country, possess major water resources with great potential
for electricity generation and water supplies. The ongoing development of karst features, especially in the southern part
of Turkey, demonstrates specific environmental problems that occur in many karst water supply projects. Karst aquifers, springs,
sinkholes, dolines, poljes and other karst features are of great importance from the standpoint of karst water resources and
environmental research studies. In karst regions, conservation and protection of groundwater resources for both qualitative
and quantitative evaluations is possible only when the catchment area is determined accurately. Since the catchment area in
karst terrains is not limited by the surface drainage boundaries and the groundwater flows through well-developed coduits
or fissures, the equations used in non-karstic areas cannot be applied to such karstic regions. Studies on the development
of karst features and its environmental impacts in Turkey are of recent origin. Therefore, many unreliable methods are being
applied in karstic areas. For example, the use of "shallow holes or sinkholes and fault zones" for septic water waste disposal
or as sewage by those who are not familiar with karst, sometimes causes very serious problems of extensive groundwater pollution.
This paper discusses the development of different karstic features in Turkey and case studies on its environmental impacts.
Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 10 July 1996 相似文献
5.
The present study indicates estimation of protection zones of KoçpLnar springs in Aksaray area by means of hydrogeochemical methods. Relevant hydrogeochemical studies were carried out to achieve this objective. KoçpLnar springs emerge on strike-slip Hasanda<L fault set (HFS) along the Tuzgölü (Salt Lake) fault zone (TFZ) in central Anatolia. The outcrops of volcanic origin exhibit different hydrogeological properties in the study area. The hydrogeochemical evaluations of KoçpLnar springs represent good results about the available main groundwater flow systems that exist in this area. Marbles of Palaeozoic age form the main aquifer that recharges KoçpLnar springs. The CO2 gas content of the spring waters is significantly high. Based on the ion concentrations, the water of this spring has mainly two hydrochemical facies: Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3. Although, the hydrochemical analyses showed that waters of these springs meet the drinking and irrigation water standards, the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by both domestic and agricultural wastes. Therefore, detailed hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic investigations were carried out to accurately estimate the protection zones of KoçpLnar springs. These studies showed that three main protection zones could be proposed against external pollution effects around the spring's area. 相似文献
6.
The present studies were carried out along the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, where most of the karst springs discharge
from highly karstified carbonate rocks. The case-study was applied in the Kaş-Kalkan karst region, considered one of the most
important touristic Mediterranean provinces in southern Turkey. The purpose of this study is to identify the main water resources
of the karst springs in the inland side and the expected groundwater flow paths that may recharge the coastal springs in the
study area. A comparison of the physiochemical properties and isotopic contents of the karst springs along the Kaş-Kalkan
coastline is also considered an important tool for identifying the hydrogeological characteristics and responses of the different
units in the study area. Relevant studies were carried out also considering the morphological and structural characteristics
of these karst springs and changes in their discharge amounts during the dry and wet periods.
Received: 20 August 1997 · Accepted: 2 December 1997 相似文献
7.
Influences of human activities and agriculture on groundwater quality of Kayseri-Incesu-Dokuzpınar springs,central Anatolian part of Turkey 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Hatim?ElhatipEmail author Mustafa?Af?in lkay?Ku??u Kadir?Dirik Yakup?Kurma? Murat?Kavurmac? 《Environmental Geology》2003,44(4):490-494
Human activities and agriculture have had direct and indirect effects on the rates of contamination of groundwater in the Incesu-Dokuzp inar spring area. Direct effects include dissolution and transport of excess quantities of fertilizers with associated materials and hydrological alterations related to irrigation and drainage. Indirect effects may include changes in water–rock reactions in soils and aquifers caused by increased concentrations of dissolved oxidants, protons, and major ions. Agricultural activities have directly or indirectly affected the concentrations of a large number of inorganic chemicals in groundwater, for example NO 3, N 2, Cl, SO 4 2, H +, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, B, Pb, and Zn, as well as a wide variety of pesticides and other organic compounds. For reactive contaminants like NO 3, it is recommended that a combination of hydrochemical and environmental-tracer analytical approaches might be required to resolve changing inputs from subsequent alterations as causes of concentration gradients in groundwater. The water type of Dokuzp inar springs is mainly Na–Mg–Ca–Cl–HCO 3. Note that the water types of the springs were directly related to the hydrogeochemical properties of outcrops at the study area. Thus, the high concentration of Ca 2+ and HCO 3 is mainly related to the high CO 2 contents in the marbles, whereas the high Na concentration arises from the existing syenite, volcanic ash, basalt, and clay units, although the Incesu-Dokuzp inar springs cover most of the drinking and irrigation water demands of this area. The high concentrations of NO 3 and NaCl show that the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by untreated sewage and agricultural wastes, especially during dry periods. Therefore, this approach is based on the vulnerability studies of the catchment area, determination of the transfer time of the pollutant, and the water-bearing formations of Incesu-Dokuzp inar springs. Vulnerability in this study is defined as the intrinsic hydrogeochemical characteristics of an aquifer, which may show the sensitivity of groundwater to be contaminated by different human activities. 相似文献
8.
Water pollution is a widespread problem in different areas of the world. Some of these problems originated from point contamination sources and widespread contaminant outlet sources which are observed in every country. The major elements and chemical loads of surface water have been dominated by constituents derived directly or indirectly from human activities and/or industrial practices that have increased additives in the last several decades. The point sources of contamination may result from the direct wastewater discharges to the dam sites, which are considered to be the most commonly encountered water pollution problems. One of these problems is the eutrophication process which usually occurs in the static water mass of lakes and other surface water reservoirs. This process may be caused by the continuous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and decrease of O2 level in water causing an anaerobic condition which may stimulate algae-growth flow in these water bodies, consequently reducing the quality of water. Of course, there are many research methods for determining the various kinds of water pollution. In this research, the hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Tahtal dam reservoir. 相似文献
9.
Sustaining the human ecological benefits of surface water requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative
risks posed by diverse human activities. The municipality of Aksaray city plays a key role in developing solutions to surface
water management and protection in the central Anatolian part of Turkey. The responsibility to provide drinking water and
sewage works, regulate the use of private land and protect public health provides the mandate and authority to take action.
The present approach discusses the main sources of contamination and the result of direct wastewater discharges into the Melendiz
and Karasu rivers, which recharge the Mamasın dam sites by the use of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling techniques.
The present study illustrates the ability to predict and/or approve the output values of previously measured water quality
parameters of the recharge and discharge areas at the Mamasin dam site by means of ANN techniques. Using the ANN model is
appreciated in such environmental research. Here, the ANN is used for estimating if the field parameters are agreeable to
the results of this model or not. The present study simulates a situation in the past by means of ANN. But in case any field
measurements of some relative parameters at the outlet point “discharge area” have been missed, it could be possible to predict
the approximate output values from the detailed periodical water quality parameters. Because of the high variance and the
inherent non-linear relationship of the water quality parameters in time series, it is difficult to produce a reliable model
with conventional modeling approaches. In this paper, the ANN modeling technique is used to establish a model for evaluating
the change in electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) values in recharge (input) and discharge (output) areas
of the dam water under pollution risks. A general ANN modeling scheme is also recommended for the water parameters. The modeling
process includes four main stages: (1) source data analysis, (2) system priming, (3) system fine-tuning and (4) model evaluation.
Results of the ANN modeling scheme indicate that the output values are agreeable to the water quality parameters, which were
measured at the field in the static water mass of the Mamasın dam lake. Water contamination at the dam site is caused by the
continuous increase of nutrient contents and decrease of the O2 level in water causing an anaerobic condition. It may stimulate algae growth flow in such water bodies, consequently reducing
water quality. 相似文献
10.
The use of hydrochemical techniques to estimate the discharge of Ovacık submarine springs on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Hatim Elhatip 《Environmental Geology》2003,43(6):714-719
Shallow submarine springs along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey discharge most available groundwater via highly developed karstic (buried channels) systems towards the Mediterranean Sea before interception for domestic and agricultural uses. This phenomenon takes place in OvacLk-Silifke village, one of the most intensive touristic places on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This study reports on the hydrochemical tests and dye-tracing techniques that were used to measure the amount of water discharge along the OvacLk coastline. Comparison of the electrical conductivity (EC) of the karst springs, which have a background concentration of 500 µS/cm, with the EC of the coastal and submarine discharges is an important tool for identifying the percentage of available freshwater from the shallow submarine springs. 相似文献