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Restructuring the kiosk trade in St. Petersburg: A new retail trade model for the post-Soviet period
This study explores the commercial kiosk phenomenon as a reflection of the socio-spatial reordering of St. Petersburg following the introduction of market forces. In this article we interpret empirical evidence on the restructuring of commercial opportunity in post-Soviet St. Petersburg as a result of the emergence of the kiosk phenomenon. Kiosk trade and processes that contribute to it have emerged as tools for mass socioeconomic and psychological adaptation, following the dismantling of the communist regime. In our opinion, the emergence and continuing mutation of St. Petersburg kiosks constitutes the backbone of a process of middle-class formation. An extensive field research of 1989, 1994 and 1995 made it possible to study the dynamics of spatial structures of kiosk phenomenon. It is our final conclusion that kiosks will remain an important feature of St. Petersburgs commercial geography in the foreseeable future. 相似文献
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Moscow, the global city? The position of the Russian capital within the European system of metropolitan areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
During the 1990s, the city of Moscow was subject to an extraordinary transformation in its political, economic and social structures, which had consequences for the position of Moscow within the national and international hierarchy of cities. This article is concerned with the trends that can be discerned regarding the position of Moscow on the national and European scales. Without a doubt, the development of Moscow is characterized by an increasing separation from the national urban system and a growing international orientation. The Russian capital has no competitors on the national level: measured against the relevant economic indicators it is a long way ahead of the remaining Russian cities, which are primarily integrated into national and regional economic flows, and participate in the global economy only to a limited degree. Moscow, in contrast, is increasingly striving to integrate itself into transnational and international economic structures. Although the concept of Moscow as a global city is often instrumentalized in municipal politics, the ability of the Russian capital to act as a global centre is in fact limited. At present Moscow's most important function, from a Central European perspective, is to act as a bridging link between Central and Western Europe and Russia. There is a danger that the spatial disparities between Moscow on the one hand, and the remaining Russian cities and regions on the other, will continue to grow. 相似文献
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Russian cities at a crossroads 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The research project `Changes in the Russian urban system after the dissolution of the Soviet Union' supported by the German
Science and Research Society aims to reveal the impact of change in (1) the national and regional urban network, (2) the type
and condition of Russian cities, and (3) the factors and actors affecting urban development. In this contribution the focus
is made on the first task. The authors argue that visible stabilisation of the Russian urbanisation under crisis and/or under
a new stage involves a good deal of restructuring and qualitative change. The hierarchy of the nation-wide functional centres
is in flux. Within regions `alternative' foci attract industries, capital and people, and compete with regional capitals.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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The new retail trade and services and their emerging location pattern in St. Petersburg 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The system of factors affecting the spatial distribution of the retail trade and service establishments has changed dramatically since socialist times. The administrative regulation lost its almost complete dominance and turned into one of the market forces. In contrast, the impact of the urban environment under very free market conditions substantially increased. We show the main directions of this influence. Two generalized indicators that we use describe macro trends in the development of the spatial system of retail trade and services. One of them, which we call the urban morphology, is of a concentric effect, another – transportation pattern – adds the sectoral component to the retail trade and services geography. Five systems of spatial attractions differently affect the distribution of different branches. 相似文献
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B. Macklin R. Brade F. Hurd S. F Mills S. Sanders R. Stokes & J. Tait 《The Photogrammetric Record》1998,16(92):213-223
JET (Joint European Torus) Joint Undertaking is currently planning to install its new Gasbox Divertor remotely. In line with JET's policy and philosophy, it was decided to survey the divertor structure remotely to confirm its position, shape and integrity prior to installing the new tile configuration. A survey to metrology standards with sub-millimetre accuracy is required. While remote surveys have been carried out in the past, they have not been to this level of accuracy. Digital photogrammetry (the evolution of photogrammetry, using CCD cameras) in conjunction with “targetless” software was selected as being the most suitable technique. It was seen as the natural evolution of the survey techniques already developed for use at JET, as well as having the potential to assist in preparations for future remote handling operations. Photogrammetry requires a large number of retroreflective targets to ensure accurate results. Clearly it would not be practical to fit targets remotely to the divertor structure. However, a technique has been developed at JET which uses a combination of targeted and targetless photogrammetry. A number of frames fitted with targets will be remotely positioned on the divertor structure. When surveyed these targets allow accurate determination of camera positions. Specially developed software allows the selection of untargeted features of components in the digital pictures. Their co-ordinates can be determined by triangulation from the known camera positions. Trials have shown that accuracy of ±0.6 mm is achievable. This paper will describe the development of this concept, the design of the necessary equipment, the testing to prove the accuracy and feasibility and the trials carried out in JET's In-vessel Training Facility. These included remote handling of the six million pixel camera and other equipment, data handling and download via an ethernet link through the remote handling articulated boom, development of survey techniques, optimization of analysis techniques using coded targets for fast processing and finally the engineering assessment of the divertor structure based on survey results. 相似文献
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