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1.
Until recently, the ideas about the age of the Black Sea deep-water basin have been based on land geological observations in the coastal areas at the interaction periphery, underwater observations from manned submersibles, and on the data of seismic reflection and refraction studies and drilling. Formerly, the scarcity of the information led to a wide scattering of the age determinations: from the Jurassic to the Eocene. Recently, with the appearance of reliable geological and geophysical data, the range of the age estimates has been considerably reduced during the last few years, although there is no commonly accepted opinion on this issue. Therefore, the first attempt to determine the age of the Western Black Sea basin using an analysis of the anomalous magnetic field is of certain interest. The following results were obtained: the basin probably opened between 71.338 and 71.587 My B.P. (subchron C32n.1r). During the interval 68.737–71.071 My B.P. (subchron C31r), extinction of the spreading axes took place. Thus, the total duration of the Campanian-Maestrichtian phase of the opening was about 3 My (interval from 71.587 to 68.737 My B.P.). This result does not agree with the geological and geophysical data available to date. To solve this problem, collection of new geological data and further studies of the structure of the anomalous magnetic field are required. 相似文献
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3.
A. S. Kazmin 《Oceanology》2016,56(4):465-469
High-resolution satellite sea surface temperature measurements (PATHFINDER dataset) indicate that the fronts at the boundary of the East China Sea (Taiwan front, Kuroshio frontal zone, and South Korean coastal front) appear as a unified dominating frontal structure when climatological averaging is applied. This structure is about 1200 km in length, spreads over the continental shelf from Taiwan to the Tsushima Islands, and separates productive seawaters from the oligotrophic oceanic waters. The Kuroshio frontal zone, incorporated into this structure, reveals interannual variability with periods consistent with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (4–5 years). 相似文献
4.
Old and modern data are given and discussed. They allow us to decide where the real position of the south marginal suture
of the East European Craton is. According to the geophysical and aerogeophysical studies, Paleozoic deposits of the Karpinskii
Ridge are bedded upon deeply sunken continuation of Archean-Proterozoic complexes comprising the Voronezh massif and crystalline
rocks belonging to the Astrakhan Dome. The latter have a pre-Riphean age. It is possible that the crust in the southeastern
part of ridge in a narrow zone with >20 km depth of the basement surface (BS) and, partially, in the Sarpinskii trough has
oceanic origin. 相似文献
5.
H. Kontoyiannis V. Papadopoulos A. Kazmin A. Zatsepin D. Georgopoulos 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(6):1507-1525
Non-smoothed yearly temperature records with minimal statistical uncertainties are constructed for winter and summer of the period 1950–2000 in two areas in the Aegean Sea, for the sub-surface layer of 80–120?m, and two areas in the Black Sea, for the sub-surface layer of sigma-theta isopycnals between 14.5 and 15.4. The specific areas are selected mostly because of the dense hydrographic-data coverage they have during the period 1950–2000. Two trend regimes appear in both Seas: a period of decreasing sea temperatures from the early/mid 1960s to the early/mid 1990s and an apparent warming afterwards. Trends in sea temperatures correlate with trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and partly the East Atlantic West Russian (EAWR) indexes, but the signs of NAO and/or EAWR cannot sufficiently justify the winter-to-winter temperature changes in the entire study area. In examining the wind flows in the sea-level-pressure maps for characteristic winters in which local peaks in the sea-temperature records occur, we identify particular sea-level-pressure structures that are not accounted for by the typical North-Atlantic or East Atlantic-West Russia positive or negative dipoles. In addition, there are winters when the Siberian High induces local maxima in sea-temperatures in the study area. A spectral-coherence analysis of the unfiltered winter sea-temperature and the corresponding teleconnection NAO/EAWR records, shows that common spectral and coherence peaks exist at ~5–6, ~9–10 and ~15–17?years. 相似文献
6.
V. Kazmin Alemu Shifferaw Tilahun Balcha 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1978,67(2):531-546
In the Ethiopian Precambrian three complexes are recognized. The Lower Complex formed of high grade gneisses represents older (older than 2500 m. y.) cratonic basement. The Middle Complex (clastic metasediments) is presumably the Lower to Middle Proterozoic platform cover. The Upper Complex consists of low-grade rocks in following succession: ophiolitic rocks, andesitic metavolcanics and associated metasediments, clastic and to less extent carbonate sediments. Rifting of older basement at the beginning of Upper Proterozoic created northeasterly trending zones with oceanic crust branching from the Red Sea fold belt and grading southwards (in the Mozambique belt) into the zones of continental rifting. Closing of these rift zones terminated 1000 m. y. ago and was accompanied by subduction of oceanic crust which gave rise to island arc type volcanism. Continental collision resulted in crustal thickening and produced two stages of metamorphism: metamorphism of collision (around 1000 m. y. or earlier) and metamorphism of radioactive heating (younger than 1000 or 800 m. y.). The collision was oblique, so the significant transcurrent motion occurred in the Red Sea and the Mozambique belts.
Zusammenfassung Im Präkambrium Äthiopiens lassen sich drei Einheiten unterscheiden. Die unterste Einheit, bestehend aus hochgradig metamorphen Gneisen, ist ein älterer (älter als 2,5 Mrd. Jahre) kratonischer Sockel. Der mittlere Komplex (klastische Metasedimente) stellt wahrscheinlich die altbis mittelproterozoische Plattform-Sedimentbedeckung dar. Die obere Einheit besteht aus niedrigmetamorphen Gesteinen: Ophiolithe, andesitische Metavulkanite und damit verbundene Metasedimente, sowie klastische und untergeordnet karbonatische Ablagerungen. Das Auseinanderreißen des älteren Sockels zu Beginn des Jungproterozoikums bewirkte in nordöstliche Richtung verlaufende Zonen mit ozeanischer Kruste, die vom Faltengürtel des Roten Meeres abbiegen und sich südwärts (zum Mozambique-Gürtel hin) in das kontinentale Riftsystem eingliedern. Dei Abschluß dieser Riftsysteme endete vor 1 Mrd. Jahren, begleitet von einer Subduktion ozeanischer Kruste, die mit Vulkanismus vom Typ der Inselbögen verbunden war. Die Kollision kontinentaler Platten verursachte Krustenverdickungen und erzeugte zwei Stadien der Metamorphose: Kollisions-Metamorphose (vor ca. 1 Mrd. Jahren oder früher) und Metamorphose durch radioaktive Aufheizung (jünger als 1 oder 0,8 Mrd. Jahre). Die Kollision verlief schräg, so daß die signifikanten Querbewegungen im Roten-Meerund Mozambique-Gürtel erfolgten.
Résumé On peut reconnaître trois complexes dans le Précambrien de l'Ethiopie. Le complexe inférieur, formé de gneiss de degré de métamorphisme élevé, représente le socle cratonique le plus ancien (plus vieux que 2500 M.). Le complexe moyen (des métasédiments détritiques) est présumé être une couverture de plateforme du Protérozoïque inférieur à moyen. Le complexe supérieur consiste en roches peu métamorphiques se succédant comme suit: roches ophiolithiques, métavolcanites andésitiques avec sédiments associés, sédiments clastiques et en moindre proportion des sédiments carbonatés. La fracturation du vieux socle au debut du Protérozoïque supérieur créa des zones d'effondrement de direction nord-est, avec croûte océanique, branchées sur la ceinture plissé de la Mer Rouge, et passant vers le sud (dans la ceinture du Mozambique) à une zone de fracturation continentale. La fermeture de cette zone d'affaissement se termina il y a quelque 1000 M., et fut accompagnée par une subduction de la croûte océanique qui donna naissance à un volcanisme du type guirlande insulaire. La collision continentale entraîna un épaississement crustal et produisit deux phases de métamorphisme: métamorphisme de collision (environ 1000 M. ou plus tôt) et métamorphisme par réchauffement radioactif (plus récent que 1000 M. ou 800 M.). La collision se fit obliquement, produisant ainsi un mouvement transcurrent important dans les ceintures de la Mer Rouge et du Mozambique.
. , ( 2500 . .), . ( ) , , - . (): , , , , . - . , , . 100 . . . : ( 1000 . . ) ( 1000 800 . .). , .相似文献
7.
Dr. V. Kazmin 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1980,69(3):757-769
Development of pre-rift domal uplifts and volcanism in East Africa is related to mantle plume activity during two (possibly three) stable periods in the plate motion: before 80 myr, at 60-35 myr, and at 20-14 myr. Volume and composition of volcanics depend on the length of the stable period. Subalkaline basalts appeared only during long stable periods, while during short stable periods only alkaline magmas were generated. The general tendency of evolution in the pre-rift volcanic areals is from alkaline to transitional and then again to alkaline basalts.Formation of rift fractures initiates magmatism independent of mantle plume activity. Volume and composition of volcanics are controlled by opening rates. At rates less than 1 mm/year there is no volcanism, or only small volumes of ultra-alkaline basic lavas are erupted. At rates 1–10 mm/year alkaline to mildly alkaline basalts appear accompanied by large volumes of peralkaline silicics, and rates of 1–2 cm/year correlate with large volumes of transitional basalts with subordinate peralkaline silicics.
Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der Präriftauswölbung und des Vulkanismus in Ostafrika ist eng verbunden mit einer Mantel-Plume-Aktivität während zwei (möglicherweise drei) stabiler Perioden in der Plattenbewegung: vor 80 Mio Jahren, zwischen 60 und 35 Mio Jahren und zwischen 20–14 Mio Jahren. Volumen und Zusammensetzung der Vulkanite hängen von der Länge der stabilen Periode ab. Subalkali-Basalte erscheinen nur während längerer stabiler Perioden, während in kürzeren stabilen Perioden nur Alkalimagmen entstehen. Die generelle Tendenz der Entwicklung der Prärift-Vulkanite verläuft von alkalisch zu einem übergangstyp und dann wieder zurück zu Alkali-Basalten.Die Bildung von Riftbrüchen bewirkt einen Magmatismus, der unabhängig von der Mantel-Plume-Aktivität abläuft. Das Volumen und die Zusammensetzung der Vulkanite wird von der öffnungsrate der Riftzone kontrolliert. Bei Raten kleiner als 1 mm pro Jahr gibt es keinen Vulkanismus, oder es werden nur kleinere Mengen ultrabsischer Laven gefördert. Bei Raten von 1–10 mm pro Jahr erscheinen Alkali- bis Mittelalkalibasalte begleitet von großen Mengen peralkalischer Magmen. Bei Raten von 1–2 cm pro Jahr erscheinen große Mengen von übergangsbasalten mit untergeordnet peralkalischen Magmen.
Résumé Le développement des soulèvements en dÔmes prériftaux et du volcanisme de l'Est Africain est rapporté à une activité du manteau durant deux (peut-Être trois) périodes stables dans le mouvement de la plaque: avant 80 M, à 60-35 m., et à 20-14 M. Le volume et la composition des volcanites dépendent de la durée de la période stable. Les basaltes subalcalins apparaissent seulement au cours de longues périodes stables, tandis que durant de courtes périodes stables seuls sont engendrés des magmas alcalins. La tendance générale de l'évolution dans les régions volcaniques pré-rift est alcaline à transitionnelle et, ensuite, de nouveau alcaline.La formation des fractures du rift marque le début du magmatisme indépendant de l'activité du manteau. Le volume et la composition des volcanies sont controlés par la vitesse d'ouverture. A des vitesses inférieures à 1 mm/an, il n'y a pas de volcanisme ou sontémises seulement de faibles quantités de volcanites. A des vitesses de 1–10 mm/an, des basaltes alcalins à moyennement alcalins apparaissent, accompagnés par de grands volumes de volcanites peralcalines, et, à des vitesses de 1–2 cm/an, correspondent de grands volumes de basaltes de transition avec des volcanites peralcalines.
( ) : 80 .., 60–35 .. 20–14 .. . . , . ( ) , , . , . . 1 / . 1–10 / , . 1–2 / . — .相似文献
8.
S. F. Skobelev M. Hanon J. Klerkx N. N. Govorova N. V. Lukina V. G. Kazmin 《Tectonophysics》2004,380(3-4):131-137
The active fault database and Map of active faults in Africa, in scale of 1:5,000,000, were compiled according to the ILP Project II-2 “World Map of Major Active Faults”. The data were collected in the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, and in the Geological Institute, Moscow, where the final edition was carried out. Active faults of Africa form three groups. The first group is represented by thrusts and reverse faults associated with compressed folds in the northwest Africa. They belong to the western part of the Alpine–Central Asian collision belt. The faults disturb only the Earth's crust and some of them do not penetrate deeper than the sedimentary cover. The second group comprises the faults of the Great African rift system. The faults form the known Western and Eastern branches, which are rifts with abnormal mantle below. The deep-seated mantle “hot” anomaly probably relates to the eastern volcanic branch. In the north, it joins with the Aden–Red Sea rift zone. Active faults in Egypt, Libya and Tunis may represent a link between the East African rift system and Pantellerian rift zone in the Mediterranean. The third group included rare faults in the west of Equatorial Africa. The data were scarce, so that most of the faults of this group were identified solely by interpretation of space imageries and seismicity. Some longer faults of the group may continue the transverse faults of the Atlantic and thus can penetrate into the mantle. This seems evident for the Cameron fault line. 相似文献
9.
Geological evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic to the pamirs since the LIAS 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J. Dercourt L.P. Zonenshain L.-E. Ricou V.G. Kazmin X. Le Pichon A.L. Knipper C. Grandjacquet I.M. Sbortshikov J. Geyssant C. Lepvrier D.H. Pechersky J. Boulin J.-C. Sibuet L.A. Savostin O. Sorokhtin M. Westphal M.L. Bazhenov J.P. Lauer B. Biju-Duval 《Tectonophysics》1986,123(1-4)
We discuss nine palinspastic geological maps (Plates 1–9), at
scale, which depict the evolution of the Tethys belt from the Pliensbachian (190 Ma) to the Tortonian (10 Ma). A Present structural map (Plate 10) is shown for comparison at the same scale with the same conventions. Our reconstructions are based on a kinematic synthesis (Savostin et al., 1986), a paleomagnetic synthesis (Westphal et al., 1986) and geological compilations and analyses concerning in particular the western domain (Ricou et al., 1986), the eastern passive margins (Kazmin et al., 1986a), the eastern active margins (Kazmin et al., 1986b), the Black Sea-Caspian Sea basins (Zonenshain and Le Pichon, 1986) and the ophiolites (Knipper et al., 1986). 相似文献
10.
A. S. Kazmin 《Oceanology》2016,56(3):336-341
High-resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) measurements (PATHFINDER dataset) have been used to confirm an existence of persistent thermal frontal zones in the Black Sea. Fronts have been revealed in the winter season between the intensively cooling shallow northwestern area and warmer waters of central part, and in spring-summer season between the actively warming waters of the southeastern part and cooler central area. Interannual and quasi-decadal variability of the northwestern front have been documented, as well as a high negative correlation of its intensity with the winter-mean SST. 相似文献