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Groundwater protection in fractured media: a vulnerability-based approach for delineating protection zones in Switzerland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alain Pochon Jean-Pierre Tripet Ronald Kozel Benjamin Meylan Michael Sinreich François Zwahlen 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(7):1267-1281
A vulnerability-based approach for delineating groundwater protection zones around springs in fractured media has been developed to implement Swiss water-protection regulations. It takes into consideration the diversity of hydrogeological conditions observed in fractured aquifers and provides individual solutions for each type of setting. A decision process allows for selecting one of three methods, depending on the spring vulnerability and the heterogeneity of the aquifer. At the first stage, an evaluation of spring vulnerability is required, which is essentially based on spring hydrographs and groundwater quality monitoring. In case of a low vulnerability of the spring, a simplified method using a fixed radius approach (“distance method”) is applied. For vulnerable springs, additional investigations must be completed during a second stage to better characterize the aquifer properties, especially in terms of heterogeneity. This second stage includes a detailed hydrogeological survey and tracer testing. If the aquifer is assessed as slightly heterogeneous, the delineation of protection zones is performed using a calculated radius approach based on tracer test results (“isochrone method”). If the heterogeneity is high, a groundwater vulnerability mapping method is applied (“DISCO method”), based on evaluating discontinuities, protective cover and runoff parameters. Each method is illustrated by a case study. 相似文献
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Schürch Marc Kozel Ronald Schotterer Ulrich Tripet Jean-Pierre 《Environmental Geology》2003,45(1):1-11
The Swiss National Network for the Observation of Isotopes in the Water Cycle (NISOT) includes eleven precipitation, seven surface water (river) and three groundwater stations, where tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18 are monthly measured in composite samples. The network provides a good overview of the characteristic isotope signatures in recharge waters in Switzerland and of the relations between isotopes and altitude, orography and the amount of precipitation. Mixing of air water vapour and surface waters can be observed along a NW/SE cross section through the Alps. With increasing length of the data series, the network provides a valuable contribution for national and international scientific and practical applications in surface and subsurface hydrology, climatology and biology. The Swiss Geological Survey at the Federal Office for Water and Geology operates the isotope network within the legal framework of the Federal Law on the Protection of Waters and guarantees quality, access and distribution of the isotope data. 相似文献
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The 1:500,000 geological, tectonic and hydrogeological maps of Switzerland have been updated using a new approach for a geographical
information system (GIS). Geological, tectonic and hydrogeological data are combined in a single polygon data set. Specific
data (point and line elements) are additionally represented on a separate GIS layer for each map respectively. The new 1:500,000
hydrogeological map of Switzerland consists of two different sheets. The first sheet provides information on the near-surface
groundwater resources and qualitative estimates of their yield. The second sheet displays the groundwater resource vulnerability
and the capacity of lateral contaminant transport. The 1:100,000 hydrogeological map of Switzerland shows the distribution
and use of groundwater in a selected area. The near-surface consolidated and unconsolidated rocks are classified in this map
according to their permeability and lithological and petrographical properties. The map is available as a pixel map.
Résumé Les cartes aux 1:500,000 de la Suisse, portant sur la géologie, la tectonique et l’hydrogéologie, ont été mises à jour en utilisant une nouvelle approche pour un système d’information géographique (GIS, en anglais). Les données géologiques, tectoniques et hydrogéologiques ont été combinées sur un seul set de polygones. Les données plus spécifiques (points et lignes) sont représentées dans une couverture séparée, pour chaque carte respectivement. La nouvelle carte hydrogéologique de Suisse au 1:500,000 est constituée de deux différentes feuilles. La première feuille apporte des informations sur les ressources proches de la surface et sur leur rendement. La seconde feuille montre la vulnérabilité des ressources souterraines et le risque de pollution par transport latéral. La carte hydrogéologique de Suisse au 1:100,000 montre la distribution et l’utilisation de l’eau souterraine dans la région sélectionnée. Les roches consolidées ou meubles de sub-surface, sont classées au regard de leur perméabilité et de leurs propriétés lithologique et pétrographique. La carte est disponible pixellisée.
Resumen Los mapas geológico, tectónico e hidrogeológico de Suiza a escala 1:500,000 han sido actualizados utilizando un nuevo enfoque para un sistema de información geográfico (SIG). Los datos geológicos, tectónicos e hidrogeológicos se combinan en un conjunto de datos en un solo polígono. Por otra parte, para cada uno de los mapas, los datos específicos (elementos puntuales y lineales) se representaron en una capa separa del SIG. El nuevo mapa hidrogeológico de Suiza a escala 1:500,000 contiene dos capas diferentes. La primera de ellas suministra información de los recursos hídricos subterráneos poco profundos y estimaciones cualitativas de sus rendimientos. La segunda capa muestra la vulnerabilidad de este recurso y el riesgo debido al transporte lateral de contaminantes. El mapa hidrogeológico de Suiza a escala 1:100,000 muestra la distribución y uso del agua subterránea en un área seleccionada. Los sedimentos consolidados y no consolidados cercanos a la superficie se clasifican en este mapa en función de su permeabilidad y propiedades litológicas y petrográficas. El mapa se encuentra disponible como un mapa de pixeles.相似文献
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O. V. Bolotina A. N. Samoilenko S. L. Bolotin V. L. Kozel 《Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies》2008,24(6):300-308
We analyze the local geodetic ties between the VLBI, LLR, and GPS reference points of the Simeiz-Katziveli collocation station. The conclusion about the instability of this geodynamic test area is confirmed. We conclude that regular, with a period of 1–2.5 years, redeterminations of the local geodetic ties at this collocation station are necessary. A linear model of the time variation in the estimates of the local geodetic ties is constructed for this test area. The estimates of the local geodetic ties are compared with the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the reference points specified in ITRF2000. We conclude that there are systematic errors in ITRF2000 related to an incorrect determination of the velocities for the reference points of the collocation station with identical DOMES numbers. We suggest assigning different DOMES numbers to the reference points of unstable geodynamic test areas. The estimates of the local geodetic ties are compared with the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the reference points obtained from individual VLBI, LLR, and GPS solutions. These were found to be in disagreement. 相似文献
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Water Resources - A single study investigates the possibility of using adaptive control of the reservoir Vranov Reservoir situated on the Dyje River. The control algorithm uses a fuzzy model that... 相似文献
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Colloids are known to transport contaminants over long distances in natural media. Despite this potentially harmful effect,
very few studies have been undertaken in subsurface aquifers. This paper presents the first results of a study of natural
colloids and particles in a karstic aquifer. The site was chosen for its coverage by clay layers and peat which deliver various
and numerous particle types in water. The methodological part describes three methods used for size determination and sample
fractionation of surface water and spring water. These methods have been adapted for the treatment of multiple samples due
to the rapid discharge variation typical of karstic aquifers. The analysis of many particle size distributions (PSD) shows
that they can be described by a Pareto law. The variation of the slope of the PSD at the spring is mainly dependent on discharge.
This behavior is interpreted as a washing of the karstic drains during the first phase of high flow events. Fractionation
of the samples allowed application of various characterization techniques to particle size classes. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
patterns showed that most of the mineral particles originated from Quaternary deposits and limestones. However the use of
scanning electron micrsocopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) detailed the composition of individual particles
and revealed particles not found by XRD. These techniques also showed the high complexity of the natural particles and the
important place of coprecipitation in their formation. Consequences on the fluxes of particulate matter and its potential
role as a carrier of contaminants are discussed.
Received: 28 October 1996 · Accepted: 7 July 1997 相似文献
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The use of groundwater as a drinking water resource requires knowledge of its microbiological status and quality. In contrast to conventional microbiological monitoring of groundwater, the present study not only considers faecal indicator bacteria, but also covers a wide spectrum of microorganisms, including bacterial pathogens (verotoxin-producing E. coli, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa), human enteric viruses (norovirus, enterovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus) and parasitic protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts). Samples collected at karst sites of the Swiss National Groundwater Monitoring network revealed the presence of a large diversity of microorganisms of faecal origin, the occurrence of which could be linked to specific hydrogeological settings and situations. The findings represent a ‘snapshot’ of the microbiological status at the monitoring sites and provide a national overview of the types and presence of microorganisms in Swiss karst groundwater. In addition to microbiological parameters related to faecal contamination, the overall bacterial load in groundwater was assessed using cell density measurements (i.e. total cell count), which yielded typical ranges for this ecological parameter. The study highlights differential vulnerability of karst groundwater to microbiological contamination, as well as its relationship with the microbial biocenoses, i.e. the interplay of allochthonous and autochthonous microbial components. On the basis of this data set, a microbiological classification of karst aquifers is proposed and discussed with respect to spring dynamics and vulnerability. 相似文献
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