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Positive-displacement piston pumps that minimize sample agitation have no apparent advantage over centrifugal submersible pumps when used to collect ground water samples for analysis of low concentrations of purge-able organic compounds. Analytical uncertainties inherent in laboratory environments appear to influence analytical results of low-concentration purgeable organic compound samples more than either pump type or sampling team. Centrifugal submersible pumps are at least equally efficient as positive-displacement piston pumps in the recovery of carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform after sampling and analytical influences are made constant. 相似文献
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AbstractTo enable assessment of risks of water management to riparian ecosystems at a regional scale, we developed a quantile-regression model of abundance of broadleaf cottonwoods (Populus deltoides and P. fremontii) as a function of flood flow attenuation. To test whether this model was transferrable to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), we measured narrowleaf abundance along 39 river reaches in northwestern Colorado, USA. The model performed well for narrowleaf in all 32 reaches where reservoir storage was <75% of mean annual flow. Field data did not fit the model at four of seven reaches where reservoir storage was >90% of mean annual flow. In these four reaches, narrowleaf was abundant despite peak flow attenuation of 45–61%. Poor model performance in these four reaches may be explained in part by a pulse of narrowleaf cottonwood expansion as a response to channel narrowing and in part by differences between narrowleaf and broadleaf cottonwood response to floods and drought.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. AcremanCitation Wilding, T.K., Sanderson, J.S., Merritt, D.M., Rood, S.B., and Poff, N.L., 2014. Riparian responses to reduced flood flows: comparing and contrasting narrowleaf and broadleaf cottonwoods. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 605–617. 相似文献
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Results of pollen analysis on lagoonal sediments from southern Delaware, dated at 500,000–1,000,000 yr B.P. by amino acid racemization, are presented. Three pollen zones are identified in sediments that were deposited during the final stage of an interglacial cycle. A closed forest of mixed conifer-deciduous trees dominated by Tsuga, Pinus, Fagus, Liquidambar, and Quercus is recorded in the basal zone (Zone I). The inferred climate at this time was temperate and moist. A probable lowering of sea level during the deposition of Zone II exposed large areas in the surrounding estuaries and tidal flats which were colonized by marsh and bog plant taxa. Zone III is characterized by Pinus, Quercus, and Picea pollen. A scrub oak-pine association may have been favored on the coarse sandy soils of the Delmarva Peninsula at this time because of a drop in the local water table. The inferred climate during this interval was colder and probably drier than in Zone I. 相似文献
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Seismogenic zone structure beneath the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, from three-dimensional local earthquake P- and S-wave tomography 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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LeRoy Demarest 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(9):4157-4164
Chlorinated solvents are among the most common groundwater pollutants globally. A common method to remediate this groundwater pollutant is through bioremediation. One of the most important bacteria that remediation workers use in this remediation is Dehalococcoides ethenogenes, which are the only dehalogenating bacteria with the capacity to break down these contaminants to the non-chlorinated compound, ethylene. While much is known about these bacteria in the laboratory, little is known about their natural habitat. In this experiment, eight sites on Dover Air Force Base were selected based on the larger CERCLA Closeout project; 2.54 cm wells were installed and groundwater samples were collected. These sites monitored groundwater quality parameters: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidative reduction potential. Additionally, samples were also analyzed for the contaminants: tetrachlorethylene, trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride. The presence of vinyl chloride is an indicator of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Soil samples from the aquifer level were taken from each site as well and soil particle texture was assessed using the Bouyoucos hydrometer method. The objective of this experiment was to determine if there was a relationship between clay particles at the aquifer level, groundwater quality, and the presence of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. 相似文献
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The proper treatment of experimental errors associated with experimental phase boundary determinations and derived results is necessary for a full interpretation and for critical comparison with other data. In the past, mathematical approximations used in treating phase equilibrium data have overestimated standard deviations and confidence limits by as much as a factor of two, thus hindering the proper interpretation of results. We have derived the correct expressions for calculating uncertainties in the location of a phase boundary and in quantities derived from a boundary such as the free energy of formation of a phase. For the special case of a pair of experimental; points with equal errors bracketing the phase boundary, we have prepared equations and graphs which are particularly easy to use. Our approach can be extended to more problems involving the analysis of phase equilibrium experiments. 相似文献
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“Weighted isolines” is a method of isoline symbolization in which isolines vary in width in proportion to the data values they represent. Results of a map interpretation experiment demonstrate that the weighted isolines method is an effective alternative to conventional labeled isolines of uniform width and “shadowed” isolines (which thicken uniformly along southeastward slopes) for prompting rapid and accurate interpretation of statistical surfaces. 相似文献
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Hydrologic variation with land use across the contiguous United States: Geomorphic and ecological consequences for stream ecosystems 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Using daily discharge data from the USGS, we analyzed how hydrologic regimes vary with land use in four large hydrologic regions that span a gradient of natural land cover and precipitation across the continental United States. In each region we identified small streams (contributing area < 282 km2) that have continuous daily streamflow data. Using a national database, we characterized the composition of land cover of the watersheds in terms of aggregate measures of agriculture, urbanization, and least disturbed (“natural”). We calculated hydrologic alteration using 10 ecologically-relevant hydrologic metrics that describe magnitude, frequency, and duration of flow for 158 watersheds within the Southeast (SE), Central (CE), Pacific Northwest (NW), and Southwest (SW) hydrologic regions of the United States. Within each watershed, we calculated percent cover for agriculture, urbanized land, and least disturbed land to elucidate how components of the natural flow regime inherent to a hydrologic region is modified by different types and proportions of land cover. We also evaluated how dams in these regions altered the hydrologic regimes of the 43 streams that have pre- and post-dam daily streamflow data. In an analysis of flow alteration along gradients of increasing proportion of the three land cover types, we found many regional differences in hydrologic responses. In response to increasing urban land cover, peak flows increased (SE and CE), minimum flows increased (CE) or decreased (NW), duration of near-bankfull flows declined (SE, NW) and flow variability increased (SE, CE, and NW). Responses to increasing agricultural land cover were less pronounced, as minimum flows decreased (CE), near-bankfull flow durations increased (SE and SW), and flow variability declined (CE). In a second analysis, for three of the regions, we compared the difference between least disturbed watersheds and those having either > 15% urban and > 25% agricultural land cover. Relative to natural land cover in each region, urbanization either increased (SE and NW) or decreased (SW) peak flows, decreased minimum flows (SE, NW, and SW), decreased durations of near-bankfull flows (SE, NW, and SW), and increased flow variability (SE, NW, and SW). Agriculture had similar effects except in the SE, where near-bankfull flow durations increased. Overall, urbanization appeared to induce greater hydrologic responses than similar proportions of agricultural land cover in watersheds. Finally, the effects of dams on hydrologic variation were largely consistent across regions, with a decrease in peak flows, an increase in minimum flows, an increase in near-bankfull flow durations, and a decrease in flow variability. We use this analysis to evaluate the relative degree to which land use has altered flow regimes across regions in the US with naturally varying climate and natural land cover, and we discuss the geomorphic and ecological implications of such flow modification. We end with a consideration of what elements will ultimately be required to conduct a more comprehensive national assessment of the hydrologic responses of streams to land cover types and dams. These include improved tools for modeling hydrologic metrics in ungauged watersheds, incorporation of high-resolution geospatial data to map geomorphic and hydrologic drivers of stream response to different types of land cover, and analysis of scale dependence in the distribution of land-use impacts, including mixed land uses. Finally, ecological and geomorphic responses to human alteration of land cover will have to be calibrated to the regional hydroclimatological, geologic, and historical context in which the streams occur, in order to determine the degree to which stream responses are region-specific versus geographically independent and broadly transferable. 相似文献
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