Antenna design and implementation for the future space Ultra-Long wavelength radio telescope     

Linjie Chen  Amin Aminaei  Leonid I. Gurvits  Marc Klein Wolt  Hamid Reza Pourshaghaghi  Yihua Yan  Heino Falcke 《Experimental Astronomy》2018,45(2):231-253

In radio astronomy, the Ultra-Long Wavelengths (ULW) regime of longer than 10 m (frequencies below 30 MHz), remains the last virtually unexplored window of the celestial electromagnetic spectrum. The strength of the science case for extending radio astronomy into the ULW window is growing. However, the opaqueness of the Earth’s ionosphere makes ULW observations by ground-based facilities practically impossible. Furthermore, the ULW spectrum is full of anthropogenic radio frequency interference (RFI). The only radical solution for both problems is in placing an ULW astronomy facility in space. We present a concept of a key element of a space-borne ULW array facility, an antenna that addresses radio astronomical specifications. A tripole–type antenna and amplifier are analysed as a solution for ULW implementation. A receiver system with a low power dissipation is discussed as well. The active antenna is optimized to operate at the noise level defined by the celestial emission in the frequency band 1 ? 30 MHz. Field experiments with a prototype tripole antenna enabled estimates of the system noise temperature. They indicated that the proposed concept meets the requirements of a space-borne ULW array facility.  相似文献   

Thermal history of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain,Nevada, USA     

Joseph F. Whelan  Leonid A. Neymark  Richard J. Moscati  Brian D. Marshall  Edwin Roedder 《Applied Geochemistry》2008

Secondary calcite, silica and minor amounts of fluorite deposited in fractures and cavities record the chemistry, temperatures, and timing of past fluid movement in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the proposed site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. The distribution and geochemistry of these deposits are consistent with low-temperature precipitation from meteoric waters that infiltrated at the surface and percolated down through the unsaturated zone. However, the discovery of fluid inclusions in calcite with homogenization temperatures (T_h) up to ∼80 °C was construed by some scientists as strong evidence for hydrothermal deposition. This paper reports the results of investigations to test the hypothesis of hydrothermal deposition and to determine the temperature and timing of secondary mineral deposition. Mineral precipitation temperatures in the unsaturated zone are estimated from calcite- and fluorite-hosted fluid inclusions and calcite δ¹⁸O values, and depositional timing is constrained by the ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U ages of chalcedony or opal in the deposits. Fluid inclusion T_h from 50 samples of calcite and four samples of fluorite range from ∼35 to ∼90 °C. Calcite δ¹⁸O values range from ∼0 to ∼22‰ (SMOW) but most fall between 12 and 20‰. The highest T_h and the lowest δ¹⁸O values are found in the older calcite. Calcite T_h and δ¹⁸O values indicate that most calcite precipitated from water with δ¹⁸O values between −13 and −7‰, similar to modern meteoric waters.  相似文献   

Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods     

James B Paces  Leonid A Neymark  Harold M Persing 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(7):1591-1606

Two novel methods of in situ isotope analysis, ion microprobe and microdigestion, were used for ²³⁰Th/U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U dating of finely laminated opal hemispheres formed in unsaturated felsic tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, proposed site for a high-level radioactive waste repository. Both methods allow analysis of layers as many as several orders of magnitude thinner than standard methods using total hemisphere digestion that were reported previously. Average growth rates calculated from data at this improved spatial resolution verified that opal grew at extremely slow rates over the last million years. Growth rates of 0.58 and 0.69 mm/m.y. were obtained for the outer 305 and 740 μm of two opal hemispheres analyzed by ion microprobe, and 0.68 mm/m.y. for the outer 22 μm of one of these same hemispheres analyzed by sequential microdigestion. These Pleistocene growth rates are 2 to 10 times slower than those calculated for older secondary calcite and silica mineral coatings deposited over the last 5 to 10 m.y. dated by the U-Pb method and may reflect differences between Miocene and Pleistocene seepage flux. The microdigestion data also imply that opal growth rates may have varied over the last 40 k.y. These data are the first indication that growth rates and associated seepage in the proposed repository horizon may correlate with changes in late Pleistocene climate, involving faster growth during wetter, cooler climates (glacial maximum), slower growth during transition climates, and no growth during the most arid climate (modern). Data collected at this refined spatial scale may lead to a better understanding of the hydrologic variability expected within the thick unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain over the time scale of interest for radioactive waste isolation.  相似文献   

Unique achondrite Northwest Africa 11042: Exploring the melting and breakup of the L chondrite parent body     

Zoltn Vci  Carl B. Agee  Munir Humayun  Karen Ziegler  Yemane Asmerom  Victor Polyak  Henner Busemann  Daniela Krietsch  Matthew Heizler  Matthew E. Sanborn  Qing‐Zhu Yin 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2020,55(3):622-648

Northwest Africa (NWA) 11042 is a heavily shocked achondrite with medium‐grained cumulate textures. Its olivine and pyroxene compositions, oxygen isotopic composition, and chromium isotopic composition are consistent with L chondrites. Sm‐Nd dating of its primary phases shows a crystallization age of 4100 ± 160 Ma. Ar‐Ar dating of its shocked mineral maskelynite reveals an age of 484.0 ± 1.5 Ma. This age coincides roughly with the breakup event of the L chondrite parent body evident in the shock ages of many L chondrites and the terrestrial record of fossil L chondritic chromite. NWA 11042 shows large depletions in siderophile elements (<0.01×CI) suggestive of a complex igneous history involving extraction of a Fe‐Ni‐S liquid on the L chondrite parent body. Due to its relatively young crystallization age, the heat source for such an igneous process is most likely impact. Because its mineralogy, petrology, and O isotopes are similar to the ungrouped achondrite NWA 4284 (this work), the two meteorites are likely paired and derived from the same parent body.  相似文献   

Basic formation mechanisms of Lake Doroninskoye soda water,East Siberia,Russia     

Svetlana V. Borzenko  Leonid V. Zamana  Larisa I. Usmanova 《中国地球化学学报》2018,37(4):546-558

The primary scientific goal of studying salt lakes is to better understand the formation of small continental-type hydrogeochemical systems. Many scientists have attributed the metamorphism of the chemical composition of salt lakes to the evaporative concentration of water. However, the formation of soda water is inconsistent with this hypothesis. Thus, analyzing intrabasinal biochemical processes and water—rocks interactions during the evaporative concentration of water allows us to understand the major mechanisms of the formation and evolution of water compositions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify the key processes involved in the formation of the chemical composition of the water in Lake Doroninskoye. An analysis of the distribution of major components shows that Na⁺, HCO₃ ^?, CO₃ ^2?, and Cl^? are dominant in this water. High concentrations of these elements are the result of evaporative water concentration. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are not accumulated because the water is saturated in minerals containing these elements. The main barrier to the growth of the sulfate content of water is sulfate reduction. This process also contributes to the additional reproduction of carbon dioxide, which reacts with the products of the hydrolysis of aluminosilicates OH^? to form HCO₃ ^? and CO₃ ^2?, thus further contributing to the natural processes of soda formation.  相似文献   

Freshwater and Atlantic water inflows to the deep northern Barents and Kara seas since ca 13 C ka: : foraminifera and stable isotopes     

D. J. Lubinski  L. Polyak  S. L. Forman 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2001,20(18):3442

Foraminiferal stable isotopes and assemblages from Franz Victoria and St. Anna troughs provide a valuable record of freshwater and Atlantic Water flows to the northern Barents and Kara seas from deglaciation to present. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of planktonic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and benthic Elphidium excavatum were up to 1.4‰ lower than present at ca 13, 11.5, and 10 ¹⁴C ka (global sea-level corrected), mostly reflecting substantial freshwater inputs coincident with glacial–marine sediment deposition. Cassidulina teretis exceeded 40% of benthic foraminifera ca 13 and 10 ¹⁴C ka, indicating subsurface penetrations of Atlantic Water. The transition to postglacial marine conditions is marked by a 1‰ rise in foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and a sharp fall in % C. teretis soon after 10 ¹⁴C ka. These changes imply reduced inputs of freshwater and Atlantic Water. Subsequent isotopic and foraminiferal assemblage variations reflect changing Atlantic Water conditions “upstream” in the Nordic Seas and shifts between the warm Fram Strait and cold Barents Sea branches of Atlantic Water. We hypothesize that glacial-isostatically induced deepening by up to 150 m influenced Atlantic Water inflows to the northern Barents Sea during deglaciation and the Holocene. Thus, effects of isostatic recovery have to be factored into paleoceanographic reconstructions.  相似文献   

A workflow for Sustainable Development Goals indicators assessment based on high-resolution satellite data     

Nataliia Kussul  Andrii Kolotii  Sergii Skakun  Olena Rakoid  Leonid Shumilo 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2020,13(2):309-321

ABSTRACT

For evaluating the progresses towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a global indicator framework was developed by the UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goals Indicators. In this paper, we propose an improved methodology and a set of workflows for calculating SDGs indicators. The main improvements consist of using moderate and high spatial resolution satellite data and state-of-the-art deep learning methodology for land cover classification and for assessing land productivity. Within the European Network for Observing our Changing Planet (ERA-PLANET), three SDGs indicators are calculated. In this research, harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data are analyzed and used for land productivity analysis and yield assessment, as well as Landsat 8, Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 time series are utilized for crop mapping. We calculate for the whole territory of Ukraine SDG indicators: 15.1.1 – ‘Forest area as proportion of total land area’; 15.3.1 – ‘Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area’; and 2.4.1 – ‘Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture’. Workflows for calculating these indicators were implemented in a Virtual Laboratory Platform. We conclude that newly available high-resolution remote sensing products can significantly improve our capacity to assess several SDGs indicators through dedicated workflows.  相似文献   

Episodes of late Holocene aridity recorded by stalagmites from Devil's Icebox Cave, central Missouri, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rhawn F. Denniston  Michelle DuPree  Jeffrey A. Dorale  Victor J. Polyak 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(1):45-52

Two stalagmites from Devil's Icebox Cave, central Missouri, display similar δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values and trends during the late Holocene. Positive δ¹³C excursions at 3.5-2.6 ka and 1.2-0.9 ka are interpreted to reflect drier conditions. These elevated stalagmite δ¹³C values could have plausibly been driven by increasing C₄ plant abundances over the cave or an increased contribution of bedrock carbon, both of which could reflect decreased effective moisture. A lack of corresponding oxygen isotopic anomalies during these intervals suggests that neither mean annual temperature nor the seasonality of precipitation changed concomitantly with dryness. Both of the δ¹³C excursions identified in our stalagmite record are roughly coincident with dry intervals from a number of sites located across the Great Plains.  相似文献   

Younger Dryas to mid-Holocene environmental history of the lowlands of NW Transylvania, Romania   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Angelica Feurdean  Volker Mosbrugger  Bogdan P. Onac  Victor Polyak  Daniel Veres   《Quaternary Research》2007,68(3):364-378

Pollen, micro-charcoal and total carbon analyses on sediments from the Turbuta palaeolake, in the Transylvanian Basin of NW Romania, reveal Younger Dryas to mid-Holocene environmental changes. The chronostratigraphy relies on AMS ¹⁴C measurements on organic matter and U/Th TIMS datings of snail shells. Results indicate the presence of Pinus and Betula open woodlands with small populations of Picea, Ulmus, Alnus and Salix before 12,000 cal yr BP. A fairly abrupt replacement of Pinus and Betula by Ulmus-dominated woodlands at ca. 11,900 cal. yr BP likely represents competition effects of vegetation driven by climate warming at the onset of the Holocene. By 11,000 cal yr BP, the woodlands were increasingly diverse and dense with the expansion of Quercus, Fraxinus and Tilia, the establishment of Corylus and the decline of upland herbaceous and shrubs taxa. The marked expansion of Quercus accompanied by Tilia between 10,500 and 8000 cal yr BP could be the result of low effective moisture associated with both low elevation of the site and with regional change towards a drier climate. At 10,000 cal yr BP, Corylus spread across the region, and by 8000 cal yr BP it replaced Quercus as a dominant forest constituent, with only little representation of Picea abies. Carpinus became established around 5500 cal yr BP, but it was only a minor constituent in local woodlands until ca. 5000 cal yr BP. Results from this study also indicate that the woodlands in the lowlands of Turbuta were never closed.  相似文献   

Statistically correct determination of long-period trends in geophysical data series     

I. L. Karol  I. I. Polyak  K. Ya. Vinnikov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1976,114(6):965-974

Linear trend analysis of geophysical time series is considered in connection with the problem of determining long-period variations (possibly of man-made origin) in the presence of short period noise of larger amplitude. Criteria for testing hypotheses about linear trends are presented for the cases of independent observations and of the observations whose correlation function is known. The possibility of increasing the precision of the results using area-averaged values is investigated. Examples are given of the long time series analysis of air temperature, carbon dioxide and water vapor content. Time series of total atmospheric ozone content at some stations are also considered, and conditions for correct statistical analysis of such data are given.  相似文献