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Fifty-three samples from D.S.D.P. Sites 127, 128 (Hellenic Trench), 130 (Mediterranean Ridge) and 131 (Nile Cone) ranging in size from clayey silt to sand were submitted to grain-size and compositional analyses. The former confirmed the evidences obtained from the visual observation of the sedimentary features as to the presence of turbidites (Sites 127, 128, 131) and fluxoturbidites (Site 131). The cumulative frequency distributions of the latter are closely similar to those obtained from ancient deposits of the same type. The X-ray quantitative analyses of the total samples showed that at both Site 127 and Site 128 calcite and phyllosilicates make up together, on average, about two-thirds of the total composition. Quartz averages about 20%. Dolomite, plagioclase and K-feldspars are present subordinately in this order; the former, observed in all samples, is both detrital and authigenic. In the Nile Cone quartz comprises, on average, about 70% of the composition. Phyllosilicates, plagio-clases and K-feldspars were observed in minor quantities. The four samples of the Mediterranean Ridge, although Nile derived, show a composition closer to the Hellenic Trench samples than to the Nile Cone. This is due to the strong control exerted by the grain size on the quantitative mineralogical composition. The microscopic analyses carried out on both light and heavy minerals of the sand fraction and the clay mineralogy clearly differentiate between the Hellenic Trench and all the Nile derived sediments (Sites 130 and 131) and exclude an intermixing of even the finest fractions. Each group is well clustered in the compositional diagrams. The Hellenic Trench sediments could be classified as lithic arenites (Crook, 1960) or greywackes (Malesani & Manetti, 1970) and the Nile Cone sediments as sublabile lithic feldspathic arenites or feldspathic subgrey-wackes. The semi-quantitative clay mineralogy showed that, on average, almost 50% of the Nile derived clay sized sediments is montmorillonite. Mixed layer minerals make up a relevant part of the remaining fraction. In contrast, the Hellenic Trench sediments show lower quantities of montmorillonite (about 10%) and prevailing percentages of illite and chlorite. Kaolinite is present only in the latter samples and not in the Nile Cone sediments. The lack of relevant changes in the composition of the Nile Cone sediments along the cored sections of the holes suggests that the present hydrography of the Nile River dates from at least the Lower Pleistocene. 相似文献
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LUCA CARACCIOLO SALVATORE CRITELLI FABRIZIO INNOCENTI NIKO KOLIOS PIERO MANETTI 《Sedimentology》2011,58(7):1988-2011
New sandstone petrology and petrostratigraphy provide insights on Palaeogene (Middle Eocene to Oligocene) clastics of the Thrace Basin in Greece, which developed synchronously with post‐Cretaceous collision and subsequent Tertiary extension. Sandstone petrofacies are used as a tool to unravel complex geodynamic changes that occurred at the southern continental margin of the European plate, identifying detrital signals of the accretionary processes of the Rhodope orogen, as well as subsequent partitioning related to extension of the Rhodope area, followed by Oligocene to present Aegean extension and wide magmatic activity starting during the Early Oligocene. Sandstone detrital modes include three distinctive petrofacies: quartzolithic, quartzofeldspathic and feldspatholithic. Major contributions are from metamorphic basement units, represented mostly by low to medium‐grade lithic fragments for the quartzolithic petrofacies and high‐grade metamorphic rock fragments for the quartzofeldspathic petrofacies. Volcaniclastic sandstones were derived from different volcanic areas, with a composition varying from dominantly silicic to subordinate intermediate products (mainly rhyolitic glass, spherulites and felsitic lithics). Evolution of detrital modes documents contributions from three key source areas corresponding to the two main crystalline tectonic units: (i) the Variegated Complex (ultramafic complex), in the initial stage of accretion (quartzolithic petrofacies); (ii) the Gneiss–Migmatite Complex (quartzofeldspathic petrofacies); and (iii) the Circum‐Rhodope Belt. The volcaniclastic petrofacies is interbedded with quartzofeldspathic petrofacies, reflecting superposition of active volcanic activity on regional erosion. The three key petrofacies reflect complex provenance from different tectonic settings, from collisional orogenic terranes to local basement uplift and volcanic activity. The composition and stratigraphic relations of sandstones derived from erosion of the Rhodope orogenic belt and superposed magmatism after the extensional phase in northern Greece provide constraints for palaeogeographic and palaeotectonic models of the Eocene to Oligocene western portions of the Thrace Basin. Clastic detritus in the following sedimentary assemblages was derived mainly from provenance terranes of the Palaeozoic section within the strongly deformed Rhodope Massif of northern Greece and south‐east Bulgaria, from the epimetamorphic units of the Circum‐Rhodope Belt and from superposed Late Eocene to Early Oligocene magmatism related to orogenic collapse of the Rhodope orogen. The sedimentary provenance of the Rhodope Palaeogene sandstones documents the changing nature of this orogenic belt through time, and may contribute to a general understanding of similar geodynamic settings. 相似文献
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