This paper presents a fabric tensor-based bounding surface model accounting for anisotropic behaviour (e.g. the dependency of peak strength on loading direction and non-coaxial deformation) of granular materials. This model is developed based on a well-calibrated isotropic bounding surface model. The yield surface is modified by incorporating the back stress which is proportional to a contact normal-based fabric tensor for characterising fabric anisotropy. The evolution law of the fabric tensor, which is dependent on both rates of the stress ratio and the plastic strain, rules that the material fabric tends to align with the loading direction and evolves towards a unique critical state fabric tensor under monotonic shearing. The incorporation of the evolution law leads to a rotational hardening of the yield surface. The anisotropic critical state is assumed to be independent of the initial values of void ratio and fabric tensor. The critical state fabric tensor has the same intermediate stress ratio (i.e. b value) and principal directions as the critical state stress tensor. A non-associated flow rule in the deviatoric plane is adopted, which is able to predict the non-coaxial flow naturally. The stress–strain relation and fabric evolution of model predictions show a satisfactory agreement with DEM simulation results under monotonic shearing with different loading directions. The model is also validated by comparing with laboratory test results of Leighton Buzzard sand and Toyoura sand under various loading paths. The comparison results demonstrate encouraging applicability of the model for predicting the anisotropic behaviour of granular materials.
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This paper presents analytical elastic-plastic solutions for static stress loading analysis and quasi-static expansion analysis of a cylindrical cavity in Tresca materials, considering biaxial far-field stresses and shear stresses along the inner cavity wall. The two-dimensional static stress solution is obtained by assuming that the plastic zone is statically determinate and using the complex variable theory in the elastic analysis. A rigorous conformal mapping function is constructed, which predicts that the elastic-plastic boundary is in an elliptic shape under biaxial in situ stresses, and the range of the plastic zone extends with increasing internal shear stresses. The major axis of the elliptical elastic-plastic boundary coincides with the direction of the maximum far-field compression stress. Furthermore, considering the internal shear stresses, an analytical large-strain displacement solution is derived for continuous cavity expansion analysis in a hydrostatic initial stress filed. Based on the derived analytical stress and displacement solutions, the influence of the internal shear stresses on the quasi-static cavity expansion process is studied. It is shown that additional shear stresses could reduce the required normal expansion pressure to a certain degree, which partly explains the great reduction of the axial soil resistance due to rotations in rotating cone penetration tests. In addition, through additionally considering the potential influences of biaxial in situ stresses and shear stresses generated around the borehole during drillings, an improved cavity expansion approach for estimating the maximum allowable mud pressure of horizontal directional drillings (HDDs) in undrained clays is proposed and validated. 相似文献
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互花米草在闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地中潮滩的入侵及快速扩张,已严重威胁到鳝鱼滩湿地的生物多样性及土著种沼泽植物生态系统的结构与功能。为了从植物光合速率的角度分析互花米草入侵及快速扩张的生理生态学机制,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用仪测定了互花米草与土著种芦苇的光合速率日进程及光合光响应曲线。结果表明,互花米草净光合速率的日均值与最大值均大于芦苇,互花米草可积累更多的光合作用产物,使其具有更快的生长速率和初级生产力。根据两种植物的光合光响应曲线可以看出,互花米草利用光合有效辐射的能力更强,显示出互花米草的高适应性。 相似文献
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