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Part-time agriculture is a large, well-developed and persistent phenomenon in Italy. But this is not well known. This paper takes into consideration the Italian literature on part-time farming (PTF) to find a satisfactory definition. The author deals with general problems of rural development, looking at PTF (especially in farm-based households) as a structural phenomenon. The article suggests the farm family instead of the individual farm operator be the unit of analysis and provides new data and estimates based on official statistical sources from 1961 through 1975. There are different typologies of PTF situations according to the internal and external conditions of the family's holdings: transitional PTF, which involves rural and poor families working for domestic production. This type is a form of subsistence farming which attracts State subsidies and public income transfers; accessorial PTF is a form of autoconsumption concerning different families' members. It is generally used to increase family income (sometimes farming is a secondary activity for people employed outside agriculture); professional PTF, based on the family holding's central role, which is a rational way of farming. This last kind of PTF is sometimes more productive, modern (ready of the introduction of innovations) and more competitive than full-time farming: this element could have important implications for the rural development policy in the industrialized countries. 相似文献
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Andrea Pieroni Anely Nedelcheva Avni Hajdari Behxhet Mustafa Bruno Scaltriti Kevin Cianfaglione Cassandra L. Quave 《山地科学学报》2014,11(1):180-193
Ethnobotanical studies in the Balkans are crucial for fostering sustainable rural development in the region and also for investigating the dynamics of change of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), which has broad-sweeping implications for future biodiversity conservation efforts. A survey of local botanical and medical knowledge and practices was conducted in four mountainous villages of the Peshkopia region in northeast Albania, near the Macedonian border. Snowball sampling techniques were employed to recruit 32 informants for participation in semi-structured interviews regarding the use of the local flora for food, medicinal, veterinary and ritual purposes. The uses of 84 botanical taxa were recorded as well as a number of other folk remedies for the treatment of both humans and livestock. Comparison of the collected data with another ethnobotanical field study recently conducted among Albanians living on the Macedonian side of Mount Korab shows a remarkable divergence in medicinal plant uses, thus confirming the crucial role played by the history of the last century in transforming TEK. Most noteworthy, as a legacy of the Communist period, a relevant number of wild medicinal taxa are still gathered only for trade rather than personal/familial use. This may lead to unsustainable exploitation of certain taxa (i.e. Orchis and Gentiana spp.) and presents some important conservation challenges. Appropriate development and environmental educational frameworks should aim to reconnect local people to the perception of limitation and renewability of botanical resources. 相似文献
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This paper describes the life testing of a 35-kV power cable that will connect a single anchor leg mooring (SALM) buoy with a platform in several hundred feet of water. While there are many power cable installations to offshore platforms and between platforms, this system is unique because the cable will be constantly flexing in compression as the mooring buoy moves in the water. The buoy design includes an articulated leg with universal joints to which the cable is clamped. It is the loop in the cable where it crosses a universal joint that is flexed, and is a major cause of concern. To predict the effects of this constant flexure while energized, a flex simulator and electrical circuit were devised to duplicate the service environment as closely as possible. This paper describes the cable system, the test apparatus and procedure, and the results obtained. 相似文献
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