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1.
The 4 × 4 T -propagator matrix of a 3D central ray determines, among other important seismic quantities, second-order (parabolic or hyperbolic) two-point traveltime approximations of certain paraxial rays in the vicinity of the known central ray through a 3D medium consisting of inhomogeneous isotropic velocity layers. These rays result from perturbing the start and endpoints of the central ray on smoothly curved anterior and posterior surfaces. The perturbation of each ray endpoint is described only by a two-component vector. Here, we provide parabolic and hyperbolic paraxial two-point traveltime approximations using the T -propagator to feature a number of useful 3D seismic models, putting particular emphasis on expressing the traveltimes for paraxial primary reflected rays in terms of hyperbolic approximations. These are of use in solving several forward and inverse seismic problems. Our results simplify those in which the perturbation of the ray endpoints upon a curved interface is described by a three-component vector. In order to emphasize the importance of the hyperbolic expression, we show that the hyperbolic paraxial-ray traveltime (in terms of four independent variables) is exact for the case of a primary ray reflected from a planar dipping interface below a homogeneous velocity medium. 相似文献
2.
Slavica Matijević Natalia Bojanić Grozdan Kušpilić Živana Ninčević Gladan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2009,59(4):853-866
Phosphorus (P) species concentrations in 0–2 cm surface sediment layer were investigated monthly from November 2001 to December
2002 at the bay, channel and open sea stations in the middle Adriatic. Modified SEDEX method was used for inorganic phosphorus
species determination [P in biogenic (P-FD), authigenic (P-AUT), detrital apatite (P-DET) and P adsorbed on to iron oxides
and hydroxides (P–Fe)], and organic phosphorus (P-ORG). P-FD, P-AUT and P-DET concentration ranges (1.5–5.4, 0–2.7 and 0.4–3.4 μmol g−1, respectively) were similar at all stations, and showed no obvious common trend of seasonal changes. P–Fe ranged from 1.9
to 11.9 μmol g−1 with the highest values at bay station and higher seasonal oscillations than other inorganic P forms. P-ORG ranged from 0.3
to 18.7 μmol g−1 with higher concentrations at stations of fine-sized sediments and showed increased concentrations in warm part of the year
at all stations. Correlation between concentrations of P–Fe in the surface sediment layer and orthophosphate sediment-water
interface concentration gradients at bay and channel stations indicated to P–Fe importance in the orthophosphate benthic flux.
For the bay station, linkage between sediment P-ORG and chlorophyll a concentrations, primary production and microzooplankton abundance was established, indicating a 1 month delay of sediment
response to production fluctuations in the water column. 相似文献
3.
John Davenport Daria Ezgeta-Balić Melita Peharda Sanda Skejić Živana Ninčević-Gladan Slavica Matijević 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
The endangered fan shell Pinna nobilis is a large bivalve mollusc (<120 cm shell length) endemic to the Mediterranean that lives one-third buried in soft substrata, generally in shallow coastal waters. We hypothesised that P. nobilis of different sizes would ingest different food sources, because small fan shells will inhale material from closer to the substratum than do large fan shells. We studied stomach contents and faeces of 18 fan shells, 6 small (mean 23.0 cm length), 6 medium-sized (mean 41.5 cm length) and 6 large (mean 62.7 cm length) living in a small area of a low-energy coastal detritic bottom characterised by mud, sand and macroalgae at Mali Ston Bay, Croatia. We found that all P. nobilis ingested copious quantities of undetermined detritus (probably at least 95% of ingested material), phytoplankton, micro and mesozooplankton and pollen grains. Large P. nobilis stomach contents showed a preponderance of water column calanoid copepods, while small fan shells had higher numbers of bivalve larvae. All fan shells took in high numbers of harpacticoid copepods that are benthonic, feeding on microbial communities of detritus and benthic vegetation. There was also a significant selection of phytoplankton species, some apparently occurring between inhalation and ingestion. The stomach contents of small P. nobilis had a higher organic matter content than either medium-sized or large fan shells; this indicated that small fan shells ingested detritus of higher organic content than did larger P. nobilis. As the faeces of all P. nobilis had similar organic matter content, this also indicates higher assimilation efficiencies in small fan shells. The demonstration of differential dietary selectivity by different sized animals has implications for future trophic studies of this endangered species. This study also provides the first demonstration of predation on zooplankton by P. nobilis. 相似文献
4.
西藏扎布耶湖晚更新世沉积物230 年代学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文应用全溶样品的等时线模式,较成功地测定了藏北高原西南部扎布耶盐湖SZK01孔岩芯中含不等量碳酸盐粘土的230Th/238U年龄,建立了青藏高原腹地海拔4000 m以上湖泊120 ka以来连续的同位素年龄标尺,从而为扎布耶盐湖及其周缘地区古环境古气候演化研究奠定了时间坐标。根据230Th/238U年龄数据,SZK01孔的平均沉积速率约为68 cm/ka。然而不同层段的沉积速率差异较大,变化在20.8~128.8 cm/ka,其快慢变化反映了该湖从短命深湖、动荡浅湖、滨湖到盐湖的环境变化,与高分辨率SZK02孔的研究结果相一致。讨论了测年模式的适应性﹑样品的U封闭性和应用的优越性,提出开展湖区及周边各类型水体的U、Th同位素化学行为研究和检验沉积物中多源Th对定年的影响将是今后年代学研究的重要内容。 相似文献
5.
杂卤石矿地浸模拟实验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对难溶含钾矿物杂卤石的柱浸实验模拟石溶浸过程分析发现,采用CaCl2溶液作溶浸剂,其溶浸剂浓度、淋洗速度、矿石粒度、浸滤路径等因素对K溶浸率及溶浸速度均有影响,当矿石粒度为1 mm和5 mm时,钾浸出率分别可达到80%和70%以上,溶浸剂浓度增加,可提高钾的浸出率,但CaCl2浓度高于5%后,效果不明显。淋洗速度增大,虽可提高钾的浸出率,但同时浸出液中钾的富集程度有所降低,以4.5 ml/h～10 ml/h为佳;增加渗滤路径长度可同时提高钾的浸出率和富集程度。实验结果表明杂卤石溶解过程受固相层扩散控制,溶解反应过程较好地符合“收缩未反应核模型”的固相控制动力学方程1-(2/3)α(1-α)2/3=(2MD′c/bργ02)t。研究结果为地浸开采深埋藏杂卤石提供了一定的实验基础。 相似文献
6.
新疆和田地区晚石炭-早二叠世陆表海层序地层格架特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新疆和田地区晚石炭——早二叠世沉积时期被面积广阔、水体较浅的陆表海所覆盖．根据陆源物质供应的不同．可以识别出2种不同的陆表海环境，即：碳酸盐岩台地和滨岸．碳酸盐岩台地．通过对分布在和田地区不同位置的5条代表露头剖面和1口钻井中层序界面的识别、地层的追踪对比以及沉积环境的研究分析，可以建立起和田地区上石炭—下二叠统形成于陆表海环境中的层序地层格架，进而探讨格架内实际地层的石油地质特征。分析其中有利储集层、烃源岩的分布规律及其特征．研究认为：海平面变化、构造沉降、碳酸盐岩生长速率以及陆源物质供应等共同控制着陆表海基准面的变化，控制着格架内沉积物的石油地质特征．其中，碳酸盐岩台地环境古地形坡度极缓，基准面上升初期以及下降末期形成的富含粒屑的并进型碳酸盐岩沉积具有良好的储集性能。且其顶部常常暴露水面。有利于储集性能的改善．滨岸-碳酸盐岩台地环境古地形坡度略陡。受到陆源碎屑物质的影响较强，基准面上升期形成的贫粒屑富含有机质的追补型碳酸盐岩沉积，可以形成比较好的烃源岩，也拥有比较好的封盖能力． 相似文献
7.
北京市PM_(2.5)中主要重金属元素污染特征及季节变化分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用2005年4月18日—2008年9月27日北京市中国地质大学(东门)采样点的PM2.5质量浓度变化与重金属Cd、Pb、As、Cu及Zn等污染特征,结合最新发布的《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095—2012),初步分析了近4年时间里北京市单点PM2.5的污染水平及主要重金属污染元素的变化特征,得出了一些有意义的认识。2005年春季—2008年春季期间PM2.5质量浓度为13.1～171μg/m3之间变化,平均浓度为65.6μg/m3,超过最新环境空气质量标准制定的PM2.5年平均浓度限值35μg/m3,北京市PM2.5污染形势依然严峻。奥运会及残奥会期间PM2.5的24 h质量浓度平均值为40.7μg/m3,没有超标。北京市PM2.5中的重金属元素含量及富集特征随着不同年份不同季节差别较大,典型的城市污染元素As在冬季质量浓度最高。对比环境空气质量标准的参考浓度限值发现,As元素的质量浓度在研究期间的年均值均超过了年平均浓度参考限值0.006μg/m3。化学分析结果显示人为污染是PM2.5中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As重金属污染的主要来源,其中As污染需要引起足够重视。研究结果对于北京市大气污染防治具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
8.
地热水中的硫化物(H_2S、HS~-和S~(2-))通常受到硫酸根、亚硫酸根、硫代硫酸根等硫元素的共存干扰,并且硫化物具有热、光、氧不稳定性,在水样保存、前处理、标准溶液配制等环节影响着测试的准确度和精密度。本文在现场采集的地热水水样中加入乙酸锌及氢氧化钠,使硫化物形成硫化锌沉淀而与溶液分离,将此沉淀溶于双氧水和逆王水,使低价态的S2-氧化成稳定的SO_4~(2-),选择易于纯化且性质稳定的硫酸钠配制硫标准储备液,以182.624 nm谱线作为硫元素分析谱线,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定出地热水样中的硫化物含量。硫的浓度在0.1~100 mg/L范围内与其发射强度呈线性(相关系数为0.9994);方法检出限为0.009 mg/L,相对标准偏差(n=11)低于1.80%,实际水样中硫化物的加标回收率介于99.0%~103.0%。与前人相关测试方法相比,本方法的技术指标具有优势。 相似文献
9.
本文对卡尔曼滤波方法、mos与pp法的基本原理作了简要的概述.并分别在ECMWF北半球的500 hPa高度、850hPa温度、地面气压的0小时分析场上和预报场上选取因子,即pp法和mos法分别1建立预报方程,利用卡尔曼滤波方法对德阳的日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温进行了预报并对相关结果进行了检验,其结果表明用pp法建立预报方程,其预报结果的误差比用mos方法建立预报方程的结果相对要一些. 相似文献
10.
Pollen studies and their relationship with modern vegetation facilitate paleoecological reconstructions while changes in pollen
abundance are indicators of environmental fluctuations. We analyzed the relationships between recent pollen deposits in the
sediments of four Uruguayan coastal lagoons and catchment vegetation and analyzed the temporal dynamics of submerged aquatic
vegetation (SAV). We mapped terrestrial vegetation, sampled SAV biomass, and analyzed the pollen record in each lagoon. The
sediment samples represented the last 49–76 years of deposition, and most vegetation types were well represented in the pollen
records. Pollen of Chenopodiaceae, proposed as indicators of saltmarshes, decreased in the surface samples of all lagoons,
possibly due to the salinity reduction promoted by precipitation changes in the region. Pollen of SAV was found in all lagoons
but with gaps in the record, and a submerged vegetated phase was recorded. Simultaneous botanical and pollen analyses better
captured the large fluctuations of SAV in coastal lagoons. 相似文献