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1.
O'Neill BC Gaffin SR Tubiello FN Oppenheimer M 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1994,46(5):378-389
Non-steady state timescales are complicated and their application to specific geophysical systems requires a common theoretical foundation. We first extend reservoir theory by quantifying the difference between turnover time and transit time (or residence time) for time-dependent systems under any mixing conditions. We explicitly demonstrate the errors which result from assuming these timescales are equal, which is only true at steady state. We also derive a new response function which allows the calculation of age distributions and timescales for well-mixed reservoirs away from steady state, and differentiate between timescales based on gross and net fluxes. These theoretical results are particularly important to tracer-calibrated "box models" currently used to study the carbon cycle, which usually approximate reservoirs as well-mixed. We then apply the results to the important case of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, since timescales describing its behavior are commonly used but ambiguously defined. All relevant timescales, including lifetime, transit time, and adjustment time, are precisely defined and calculated from data and models. Apparent discrepancies between the current, empirically determined turnover time of 30-60 years and longer model-derived estimates of expected lifetime and adjustment time are explained within this theoretical framework. We also discuss the results in light of policy issues related to global warming, in particular since any comparisons of the "lifetimes" of different greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC's etc.) must use a consistent definition to be meaningful. 相似文献
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The concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Se in five, fine-grained chondrule rims in the highly unequilibrated CO3 chondrite ALH A77307 (3.0) have been determined for the first time by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microprobe at Brookhaven National Laboratory. These elements are especially useful for tracing the role of condensation and evaporation processes which occurred at moderate temperatures in the solar nebula. Understanding the distribution of moderately volatile elements between matrix and chondrules is extremely important for evaluating the different models for the volatile depletions in chondritic meteorites. The data show that the trace element chemistry of rims on different chondrules is remarkably similar, consistent with data obtained for the major and minor elements by electron microprobe. These results support the idea that rims are not genetically related to individual chondrules, but all sampled the same reservoir of homogeneously mixed dust. Of the trace elements analyzed, Zn and Ga show depletions relative to CI chondrite values, but in comparison with bulk CO chondrites all the elements are enriched by approximately 1.5 to 3.5 x CO. The abundance patterns for moderately volatile elements in ALH A77307 chondrule rims closely mimic those observed in the bulk chondrite, indicating that matrix is the major reservoir for these elements. The close matching of the patterns for the volatile depleted bulk chondrite and enriched matrix is especially striking for Na, which is anomalously depleted in ALH A77307 in comparison with average CO chondrite abundances. The depletion in Na is probably attributable to the effects of leaching in Antarctica. With the exception of Na, the volatile elements show a relatively smooth decrease in abundance as a function of condensation temperature, indicating that their behavior is largely controlled by their volatility. 相似文献
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概述了我国地质找矿钻探市场现状及前景,分析研究了地质取样钻探传统的立轴钻机及全液压动力头钻机的优缺点及综合效能,针对国家提出加强地质工作的形势及中国的实际状况,提出了完善和改进我国现有钻探设备、提高我国地质找矿取样钻探效率、降低能耗及成本的观点及建议。 相似文献
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2005年12月,由欧洲17国家组成的欧洲航天局成员囤的局长们云集德国柏林,讨论并批准一项旨在对火星实施钻探的(遥控)勘探活动计划,其主要目的就是通过钻探取样研究火星表面的物质以便对过去及现在是否存在着生命提供证据。 相似文献
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论提高我国地质找矿钻探综合效益的措施 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
概述了我国矿产资源状况及我国当前与未来地质找矿钻探市场的形势,分析了对现有钻探技术及设备进行革新和完善并大力推广应用的方法,论述了采用先进取芯取样综合钻探技术对提高钻探效率的作用,并提出了中国地质找矿钻探设备的发展建议。 相似文献
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