Paleosol at the Archean—Proterozoic contact in NW India revisited: Evidence for oxidizing conditions during paleo-weathering?     

Manoj K. Pandit  Helga de Wall  Narendra K. Chauhan 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(3):201-209

A number of fine-grained sericite bearing pelitic, schistose lithologies occur along the Archean (Banded Gneiss Complex)-Proterozoic (Aravalli Supergroup) contact (APC) in the Udaipur valley in NW Indian craton. These Al-rich lithologies (subsequently metamorphosed) have been described as ‘paleosols’, developed over a 3.3 Ga old Archean gneissic basement and are overlain by Paleoproterozoic Aravalli quartzite. The paleosol was developed between 2.5 and 2.1, coincident with the globally recognized Great Oxidation Event (GOE). In previous studies these paleosol sections were interpreted to have developed under reducing environment, however, the finding of a ‘ferricrete’ zone in the upper part of Tulsi Namla section (east of Udaipur) during the present study (in addition to earlier reported lithologies) has led to an alternative suggestion of oxygen-rich conditions during paleosol development. The Tulsi Namla paleosol section shows all the features characteristic of a complete paleosol section described from other Archean cratons. The paleosol includes sericite schist with kyanite as the prevalent Al-silicate in the lower part of profile while chloritoid and Fe-oxides typify the Fe-rich upper part. Alumina has remained immobile during the weathering process while Fe and Mn show a decrease in the lower part of the section and an abrupt rise in the upper part, in the ferricrete zone. The field and geochemical data indicate that the Tulsi Namla section is an in situ weathering profile and at least the upper part shows evidence of oxidizing conditions.  相似文献   

Feature     

Frances Wall 《Geology Today》2003,19(6):206-211

Numerous world class mineral deposits make the Kola Peninsula a 'Mecca' for mineralogists, and key economic deposits make it one of Russia's most important industrial areas. For geologists there is the challenge of explaining how this situation has come about.  相似文献   

Ccte d'Ivoire-Ghana margin: seismic imaging of passive rifted crust adjacent to a transform continental margin     

C. Peirce  R. B. Whitmarsh  R. A. Scrutton  B. Pontoise  F. Sage  J. Mascle 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(3):781-795

During May 1990 and January-February 1991, an extensive geophysical data set was collected over the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana continental margin, located along the equatorial coast of West Africa. The Ghana margin is a transform continental margin running subparallel to the Romanche Fracture Zone and its associated marginal ridge—the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Ridge. From this data set, an explosive refraction line running ∼ 150 km, ENE-WSW between 3°55'N, 3°21'W and 4°23'N, 2°4'W, has been modelled together with wide-angle airgun profiles, and seismic reflection and gravity data. This study is centred on the Côte d'Ivoire Basin located just to the north of the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Ridge, where bathymetric data suggest that a component of normal rifting occurred, rather than the transform motion observed along the majority of the equatorial West African margin.
Traveltime and amplitude modelling of the ocean-bottom seismometer data shows that the continental Moho beneath the margin rises in an oceanward direction, from ∼ 24 km below sea level to ∼ 17 km. In the centre of the line where the crust thins most rapidly, there exists a region of anomalously high velocity at the base of the crust, reaching some 8 km in thickness. This higher-velocity region is thought to represent an area of localized underplating related to rifting. Modelling of marine gravity data, collected coincident with the seismic line, has been used to test the best-fitting seismic model. This modelling has shown that the observed free-air anomaly is dominated by the effects of crustal thickness, and that a region of higher density is required at the base of the crust to fit the observed data. This higher-density region is consistent in size and location with the high velocities required to fit the seismic data.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic particle dispersions in topsoils of the Middle Nile Delta: a preliminary study on the contamination around industrial and commercial areas in Egypt     

Atef M. Abu Khatita  Helga de Wall  Roman Koch 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(3):264

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Hybrid mafic dykes from Delwara Shear Zone,Mt. Abu,NW India     

Manoj K. Pandit  Ramona Dotzler  Helga De Wall 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,87(1):35-42

Mafic dykes intrude the composite Mt. Abu granite batholith as a minor and the last phase of magmatism. The dykes are sub-vertical, variable in width and visibly compact, however, features of alteration and shearing can be seen. The dykes occurring within the recently identified and described, Delwara Shear Zone (DWSZ), from the western margin of the Mt. Abu batholith are intensely to moderately sheared and intricately mixed with the host granitoids. The mafic dykes occurring within the shear zone bear evidence of assimilating the host granitoids during their ascent, seen as relicts, streaks and sub-rounded K-feldspar clasts in mafic dykes. The hybridization has resulted in unusual geochemical signatures of the mafic dykes such as higher silica levels, erratic and high incompatible trace element abundances and lack of any systematic trends. Mixing line calculations on the mafic dyke samples reveal between 30 to 60% felsic input into the mafic dykes. Mafic dykes outside the shear zone in the Mt. Abu are meter scale in width and generally free of felsic inclusions owing to small volumes of mafic melts. Large volume of mafic melts are required for assimilating up to 60% felsic component which has been identified as approximately 100 m wide zone within the DWSZ. Shearing has played an important role in providing the channel ways and for sustained high temperatures to allow such hybridization.  相似文献   

Ore mineralogy of the Serra Pelada Au-Pd-Pt deposit,Carajás,Brazil and implications for ore-forming processes     

Gabriel V. Berni  Christoph A. Heinrich  Lydia M. Lobato  Vic Wall 《Mineralium Deposita》2016,51(6):781-795

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Activity-composition relations in FeTiO3-MnTiO3 ilmenite solid solutions from EMF measurements at 1050–1300 K     

Hugh St. C. O'Neill  Mark I. Pownceby  Victor J. Wall 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1989,103(2):216-222

The activity of FeTiO₃ in the binary ilmenitepyrophanite (FeTiO₃-MnTiO₃) solid solution has been determined for the temperature range 1050–1300 K by displacement of the reaction: 2 FeTiO₃=2 Fe+2 TiO₂+O₂ in T-O₂ space, using an electrochemical technique with calcia- and yttria-stabilized zirconia solid electrolytes. The activities show small positive deviations from ideality, which, although the data are unusually precise, may be perfectly described by the simple regular solution model, with an interaction parameter, W _Fe-Mn ^ilm , of 2.2±0.3 kJ g-atom^–1, which is independent of temperature. This value, together with the experimental data on the partitioning of Fe and Mn between ilmenite and garnet (Pownceby et al. 1987), gives W _Fe-Mn ^gt =1.2±0.5 kJ g-atom^–1 for the almandine-spessartine (Fe₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂-Mn₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂) solid solution.  相似文献   

Hydraulics of sediment-laden sheetflow and the influence of simulated rainfall   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. T. Gut  W. T. Dickinson  R. P. Rudra  G. J. Wall 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(2):101-118

Laminar sheetflows, transporting sediment at their capacity rates, both with and without rainfall disturbance, were investigated. Values of flow depth and relative submergence were very small. In the flows without rainfall, measured velocities exceeded the predictions of the smooth-surface, clear-water laminar model by an average of 12 per cent. Reduced flow resistance due to high sediment concentrations may explain this result. Velocities in the rainfall-disturbed flows were not significantly different from the predictions of the smooth-surface, clear-water model, and the velocity reduction due to rainfall was about 12 per cent. Although the uniformity of rainfall intensity under the single-nozzle rainfall simulator is high, variation of momentum and kinetic energy fluxes along the 1-5 m long flume was significant. The rainfall angle of incidence was highly correlated with deviations from expected flow velocities in the upper and lower sections of the flume.  相似文献   

Correspondence analysis applied to volcanic aerosols     

G. Bergametti  A.L. Dutot  J.P. Quisefit  R. Vie Le Sage 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1983,15(4):355-367

A statistical analysis of volcanic aerosol based on 1,083 variables including concentration, grain-size and site variabilities establishes correlations between sites and among chemical elements.Variation curves of element concentration show parallel behaviour. High coefficients of correlation between anions and cations confirm associations between elements.  相似文献   

Variability of annual precipitation in Sweden     

C. C. Wallén 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1958,9(2):113-123

Summary Different measures of variability of precipitation are discussed and it is concluded that it is preferable to apply therelative intersequential variability in cases when overall trends are feared in the records. 127 stations in Sweden have been studied for the period 1901–1950 as to the relative interannual variability of precipitation. For a selection of these stations other measures have also been calculated and a comparison has been made between the coefficient of variation and the intersequential variability. As the relation between these measures varies with the existence of serial correlations in the records the serial correlation coefficient for a lag of one element has been calculated. The value of the coefficient has indicated the existence of trends in certain areas of Sweden generally in agreement with earlier investigations byÅngström.The geographical distribution of the relative interannual variability in Sweden is discussed and also the distribution of anomalies of relative variability compared with the world's normal curve completed byConrad. It is shown that the relationship between relative variability and precipitation amount for Swedish stations can be expressed by a hyperbolic function deviating fromConrad's world normal curve only by an additive constant.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser erörtert verschiedene Maße für die Variabilität des Niederschlages und kommt zu der Feststellung, daß in den Fällen, in denen eine einseitige Tendenz in den Beobachtungsreihen zu befürchten ist, die Verwendung derrelativen reiheninternen Variabilität am geeignetsten ist. 127 Stationen in Schweden sind für die Periode 1901–1950 im Hinblick auf die relative interannuelle Variabilität des Niederschlags untersucht worden. Für eine Auswahl dieser Stationen wurden auch andere Maße berechnet und der Schwankungskoeffizient mit der reiheninternen Variabilität verglichen. Da die Beziehung zwischen diesen Maßen mit dem Auftreten von Serienkorrelationen in der Beobachtungsreihe variiert, wurde der Serienkorrelationskoeffizient für eine Verschiebung eines Elements berechnet. Die erhaltenen Werte des Koeffizienten deuten auf das Vorhandensein gesetzmäßiger Tendenzen in gewissen Gebieten Schwedens hin und stehen im allgemeinen in guter Übereinstimmung mit älteren Untersuchungen vonÅngström.Die geographische Verteilung der relativen interannuellen Variabilität in Schweden sowie die Verteilung der Anomalien der relativen Variabilität, verglichen mit der vonConrad aufgestellten Weltnormalkurve, werden erörtert. Schlie\lich wird gezeigt, daß es möglich ist, den Zusammenhang zwischen relativer Variabilität und Niederschlagsmenge für schwedische Stationen durch eine hyperbolische Funktion zu beschreiben, die vonConrads Weltnormalkurve nur durch eine additive Konstante abweicht.

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Résumé L'auteur mentionne différentes mesures de la variabilité des précipitations et conclut qu'il est préférable d'appliquer la variabilité relative interséquentielle lorsqu'une tendance unilatérale des séries d'observations est à craindre. Il a étudié la variabilité relative interannuelle des précipitations pour 127 stations suédoises (1901/50) ainsi que d'autres mesures de variabilité pour un choix restreint de stations et il a comparé le coefficient de variation à la variabilité relative interséquentielle. Comme la relation entre ces mesures varie avec l'existence de corrélations de série dans les séries d'observations, le coefficient de corrélation de série a été calculé pour un déplacement d'un terme; la valeur de ce coefficient indique l'existence de tendances générales dans certaines régions de Suède, ce qui confirme les résultats anciens deÅngström.La distribution géographique de la variabilité relative interannuelle en Suède ainsi que celle des anomalies de la variation relative comparée à la courbe normale mondiale dressée parConrad fait l'objet d'un examen. Enfin on montre qu'il est possible d'exprimer la relation entre la variabilité relative et la quantité de précipitations en Suède par une fonction hyperbolique qui ne diffère de la courbe normale deConrad que par une constante additive.

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With 5 Figures

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Dedicated to Dr.Anders K. Ångström on the occasion of his 70th birthday.  相似文献