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1.
Polarizaton characteristics of completely diffuse light reflected from a wind roughened sea surface and its total reflectance are studied for various wind speeds on the assumption that distribution of wave slopes around their mean is Gaussian. The angular distribution of diffuse reflectance and polarization status of reflected light are also estimated with a view to exploring possibilities of using these parameters for remote sensing of sea state from a satellite, aircraft or an observation tower. The efficiency of Brewster’s angle technique in eliminating reflected light from the sea surface radiance for remote sensing of subsurface material is examined for non flat sea surface in the light of these results. the results show that the diffuse light reflected from the sea surface contains information on the sea state in the form of its status of polarization and can be used as an observational tool in remote sensing of sea state. The scope and limitations of the method proposed are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Using the data collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, maps showing the distribution of depth, acceleration
potential, salinity and oxyty were prepared for the northeast monsoon for the four potential thermosteric anomaly surfaces:
160, 120, 80 and 60 cl/t. Zonal components of current along 84°E were computed from the geopotential dynamic heights. From
such an analysis, it became clear that low-salinity water from the Pacific intrudes into the western Indian Ocean through
the Banda and Timor seas in the upper layers above 100 cl/t surface, while the North Indian Ocean Water penetrates towards
the Eastern Archipelago below 100 cl/t surface. The South Equatorial Countercurrent and the Tropical Countercurrent are well
depicted on the vertical section of zonal components as well as on the distribution of acceleration potential. 相似文献
3.
We have reported for the first time total seven strong events of drifting ELF/VLF discrete emissions observed on 28th–29th April, 1990 in the pre-midnight sector at Varanasi (Geomag. lat. 14°55′N, long. 154°E, L = 1.07). The events exhibit a regular increasing as well as decreasing frequency drifts and are mainly discrete periodic emissions of riser, faller and hook types observed during a geomagnetic storm period, with minimum Dst-index ?98 nT and K p -index ≥ 5. The frequency drift in ELF/VLF emissions at low latitudes seems to be a rare phenomenon. The repetition period and the frequency drift rate have been evaluated for all the recorded events. The frequency drifts have been interpreted in terms of a combined effect of L-shell drift of interacting energetic electrons and the change in convection electric fields during the storm developments. The computed maximum spectral power density $ \left\langle {B_{f}^{2} } \right\rangle_{\max } $ of the wave varies between 1.8 × 10?21 and 4.08 × 10?22 Gauss2/Hz, whereas frequency drift rates are in agreement with the observed values. 相似文献
4.
We combined a surface irradiance model with a non-spectral photosynthesisirradiance model to estimate the daily, average rate
of mixed-layer primary production in the Arabian Sea for the 15th day of months at the end of the northeast monsoon, the southwest
monsoon, and the fall and spring inter-monsoons. Our model experiment uses climatologies of cloud cover, mixed-layer thickness,
and satellite ocean-color observations of phytoplankton biomass.
Modelled surface radiation is at an annual maximum in May beneath nearly cloud-free skies just prior to the summer solstice.
The model estimate of surface radiation diminishes through the southwest monsoon over most of the northern Arabian Sea to
an annual minimum in August due to intense cloudiness.
In agreement with previous ship-based measurements, the photosynthesis-irradiance model predicts that the mixed-layer primary
production in the Arabian Sea is extremely seasonal, and peaks annually during the southwest monsoon to the north-west of
the atmospheric Findlater Jet and along the coast of Somalia. Northern Arabian Sea maxima predicted for both the summer and
winter monsoons are separated by periods of low mixed-layer primary production, the fall and spring inter-monsoons. The annual
cycles of modelled mixed-layer primary production differ by region in the Arabian Sea due to varying monsoon influence and
circulation dynamics. 相似文献
5.
We treat the ocean carbon cycle as a coupled physical-biogeochemical process. The interactions between mixed-layer dynamics
and growth of phytoplankton in the layer are discussed, and the formal relationship between phytoplankton accumulation and
new production is examined. A coupled biological-physical model is presented for studying the classical spring bloom in the
N. Atlantic, and possible differences in the mechanisms that drive the seasonal phytoplankton blooms in the N. Atlantic and
the Arabian Sea are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for observational programs to improve our understanding of
the biologically-mediated carbon cycle in the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
6.
Satyendranath Bose 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1994,15(1):3-7
The phase space of a light quantum in a given volume is subdivided into “cells” of magnitudeh
3. The number of possible distributions of the light quanta of a macroscopically defined radiation over these cells gives the
entropy and with it all thermodynamic properties of the radiation. 相似文献
7.
Shubha N. Pandit April Hayward Jan de Leeuw Jurek Kolasa 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2010,12(4):389-407
Species distribution models are used extensively in predicting the distribution of vegetation across a landscape. Accuracy
of the species distribution maps produced by these models deserves attention, since low accuracy maps may lead to erroneous
conservation decisions. While plot size is known to influence measures of species richness, its effect on our ability to predict
species distribution ranges has not been tested. Our aim is to test whether the accuracy of the distribution maps produced
depend on the size of the plot (quadrat) used to collect biological data in the field. In this study, the presences of four
plant species were recorded in five sizes of circular plots, with radii ranging from 8 to 100 m. Logistic regression-based
models were used to predict the distributions of the four plant species based on empirical evidence of their relationship
with eight environmental predictors: distance to river, slope, aspect, altitude, and four principle component axes derived
using reflectance values from Aster images. We found that plot size affected the probability of recording the four species,
with reductions in plot size generally increasing the frequency of recorded absences. Plot size also significantly affected
the likelihood of correctly predicting the distribution of species whenever plot size was below the minimum size required
to consistently record species’ presence. Furthermore, the optimal plot size for fitting species distribution models varied
among species. Finally, plot size had little impact on overall accuracy, but a strong, positive impact on Kappa accuracy (which
provides a stronger measure of model accuracy by accounting for the effects of chance agreements between predictions and observations).
Our results suggest that optimal plot size must be considered explicitly in the creation of species distribution models if
they are to be successfully adopted into conservation efforts. 相似文献
8.
9.
Heather A. Bouman Toru Nakane Kenji Oka Kisaburo Nakata Kiyo Kurita Shubha Sathyendranath Trevor Platt 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
Phytoplankton biomass and primary production were examined in their environmental context, for a semi-enclosed bay (Tokyo Bay, Japan) using data from monthly samples collected over a three-year period. Heavy precipitation and high surface temperatures in the late spring and summer gave rise to a highly-stratified water-column and stimulated a series of phytoplankton blooms, whereas during the winter, a weakly-stratified and deeply-mixed water-column led to a rapid decline in phytoplankton biomass under light-limited growth conditions. By incorporating pigment, photophysiological and optical data into a primary production model we show that daily, water-column primary production ranges from ∼160 mg C m−2 d−1 to 7600 mg C m−2 d−1. High water turbidity and deep vertical mixing, both separately and in concert, limit the light available for algal growth over much of the year. Annual primary production varied from 370 to 580 g C m−2 y−1. The relative influences of nutrient limitation and light limitation are assessed. A model is developed that describes this in an explicit manner using photophysiological parameters. 相似文献
10.