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With the global container population exceeding 25 million TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) and the annual production of new
boxes exceeding 3 million TEU it is estimated that around 1.5 million TEU of empty containers are sitting in yards and depots
around the world waiting for use. Although utilization rates have improved since 2004, container utilization depends on the
very dynamic nature of container transportation, and the container building and leasing industries. Owing primarily to the
chronic trend of increasing trade imbalances across the oceans, and despite recent trends along some trade routes, the empty
container management problem has become a major issue for the container shipping industry during the last decade. This paper
examines and analyzes empty container logistics at a global, interregional, regional and local level. Special consideration
is given to key factors affecting the empty container logistics management and strategies implemented by ocean carriers and
other stakeholders to better manage empty containers.
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| Maria BoileEmail: |
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In urban areas where there has been continuous occupation of the land for centuries, there are likely to be large areas of filled ground. Fills may have arisen inadvertently from the rubble of demolished buildings and the slow accumulation of refuse. Old urban fills of this type may contain soil, rubble, refuse and even whole parts of past constructions. Despite the fact that areas covered with such deposits are generally prone to severe problems, especially under conditions of dynamic loading, still their influence, as a foundation material on the seismic behaviour of modern buildings is practically unpredictable.Thessaloniki is an old historical city of Macedonia, Greece with no less than 2300 years of continuous urban evolution. A thick and heterogeneous layer of artificial deposits covers the biggest part of the historical centre of the city, as is the case for many old historical cities. The presence of this extensive formation influences the urban development, as it constitutes the foundation of the majority of the buildings of the historical centre, and its investigation is essential for most of the major constructions proposed. The complexity and heterogeneity of Thessaloniki's fill makes the assessment of its engineering behaviour a rather complicated task. This is due to the big range of values of accumulated geotechnical data but also to the fact that these data have been produced by unrelated methods and applied tests.The aim of this paper is to assess the engineering performance of Thessaloniki's fill based on its behaviour as foundation material to a major seismic event. This is carried out by the evaluation of the influence of engineering geological parameters to the damage distribution of the 1978 earthquake, based on the official database which recorded the condition of all the buildings of the historical centre. The statistical elaboration of the damage distribution was carried out following a classification scheme for the fill, based on the fill's classes produced by this scheme, the fill's thickness and the combination of both.The results are given in terms of damage ratios i.e. the ratios of the number of buildings in each damage status per total number of buildings inspected. The correlation of the engineering response with the thickness of the fill showed that there is a significant increase of the percentage of damaged buildings with increasing thickness. However, further analysis of these results showed that the above increase does not apply to all classes equally, which actually suggests that different parts of the fill behave differently in respect to the fill thickness. These results clearly show that a classification scheme and the determination of the boundary conditions should be used as a combined tool from an engineering geological point of view, in order to form a basis for the better understanding of the engineering behaviour of such deposits, the interpretation of geotechnical data and the design of more sophisticated investigations. 相似文献
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Gerassimos Mineshos Nikolaos Roumelis Efthalia Evmorfopoulou Sotirios Glavas 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,13(4):343-357
The nitric acid formed from trans-2-butene, propene, ethene, toluene, and n-butane in single hydrocarbon/NO2/purified air systems was examined in smog chamber experiments. The effect of hydrocarbon and NO2 concentrations on the maximum HNO3 yield, defined as percentages of initial NO2 converted to HNO3, was studied in two sets of experiments. In every hydrocarbon system, we found no effect of hydrocarbon concentration variation on the nitric acid formed. Out of initially added 100 ppb NO2, in the hydrocarbon-rich systems, ethene formed most HNO3 (45%), followed by propene, toluene, and n-butane (24%), and trans-2-butene (13%). When the initial NO2 concentration was varied with a constant hydrocarbon concentration, the amount of HNO3 formed was found to linearly increase with the added NO2 down to |HC|/|NO2| ratios, which depended on the nature of the hydrocarbon studied. The initial rate of HNO3 formation in hydrocarbon excess experiments varied between 50, 35, 23, 16, and 8 ppb/hr for butene, propene, toluene, ethene, and butane systems, respectively. 相似文献
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Helen Rovithis-Livaniou Sotirios Tsantilas Peter Rovithis DrahomÍr Chochol AugustÍn Skopal Theodor Pribulla 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2005,296(1-4):101-104
The orbital period variations of the eclipsing binary BX And are examined analysing its (O–C) diagram 1) with the standard method, in which the minima times are fitted by the quadratic ephemeris combined with an assumed light-time effect, and 2) with the first continuous method. The results from the use of the two methods are, as was expected,
different. 相似文献
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Nine geochemical reference samples from various sources were analyzed for selenium. The method used was simplified with regard to the decomposition and selenium isolation from matrix. Selenium was determined by hydride-generation atomic absorption; after selenium isolation from the matrix no interferences are to be expected. The results are in good agreement with values obtained by other methods. 相似文献
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