Investigation on crude oil penetration depth into soils     

Mohammed Musa Amro  Mohammed Said Benzagouta  Wimpy Karnanda 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(3):873-880

The main objectives of this paper are to study crude oil migration as a toxic fluid, its rate of penetration, and its consequences for eventual treatment. To achieve these objectives, an experimental model was designed comprising two separated columns, filled with soil and other rock types to simulate a real case scenario. Crude oil penetration depth versus time was recorded by taking soil samples whereas water samples were collected from the wet system to analyze the penetrating liquid. The results show that penetration depth was greater in the wet system during the early stages rather than in the dry system. However, with time, penetration becomes more developed in both systems. Overall penetration in the final stage was found to be significantly higher in the dry system. In addition, it was observed that during crude oil migration in dry system, chromatographic separation of crude oil components has occurred obviously. The obtained results reveal that immediate treatment must be performed in both systems but particularly in the wet system, due to its higher initial penetration rate.  相似文献   

Effect of temperature, pressure, salinity, and surfactant concentration on IFT for surfactant flooding optimization     

Wimpy Karnanda  M. S. Benzagouta  Abdulrahman AlQuraishi  M. M. Amro 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(9):3535-3544

In this research, effect of temperature, pressure, salinity, surfactant concentration, and surfactant type on interfacial tension (IFT) and critical micelle concentration of Saudi Arabian crude oil and various aqueous phases were investigated. The temperature ranged from ambient condition to 90°C, and the pressures were varied from atmospheric to 4,000 psi (27.58 MPa). Surfactant solutions were prepared using several aqueous phases, i.e., purified water, 10% brine consisting of 100% NaCl, 10% brine consisting of 95% NaCl and 5% CaCl₂, and 10% brine consisting of 83% NaCl and 17% CaCl₂. Out of 13 commercial surfactants, only three surfactants showed good solubility in pure water and brine. Those are Zonyl FSE Fluorosurfactant®, Triton X-100®, and Triton X-405®. Therefore, they were investigated thoroughly by measuring their efficiency in reducing the crude oil-aqueous phase IFT. Based on this screening process, laboratory surfactant flooding experiments for crude oil recovery were conducted using Triton X-405 and Triton X-100. The chemical flood was made at both original oil in place and at residual oil in place subsequent to conventional water flooding. Based on the obtained results, both surfactants were efficient, and more oil was recovered than that obtained through water flooding. Comparing both surfactant solutions, it was observed that Triton X-405 was more efficient than Triton X-100 at the same surfactant concentration and reservoir conditions.  相似文献   

Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

IAVCEI Subcommittee for Crisis Protocols: Chris Newhall · Shigeo Aramaki · Franco Barberi · Russell Blong · Marta Calvache · Jean-Louis Cheminee · Raymundo Punongbayan · Claus Siebe · Tom Simkin · Stephen Sparks · Wimpy Tjetjep  Chris Newhall 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,60(5):323-334

Stress during volcanic crises is high, and any friction between scientists can distract seriously from both humanitarian and scientific effort. Friction can arise, for example, if team members do not share all of their data, if differences in scientific interpretation erupt into public controversy, or if one scientist begins work on a prime research topic while a colleague with longer-standing investment is still busy with public safety work. Some problems arise within existing scientific teams; others are brought on by visiting scientists. Friction can also arise between volcanologists and public officials. Two general measures may avert or reduce friction: (a) National volcanologic surveys and other scientific groups that advise civil authorities in times of volcanic crisis should prepare, in advance of crises, a written plan that details crisis team policies, procedures, leadership and other roles of team members, and other matters pertinent to crisis conduct. A copy of this plan should be given to all current and prospective team members. (b) Each participant in a crisis team should examine his or her own actions and contribution to the crisis effort. A personal checklist is provided to aid this examination. Questions fall generally in two categories: Are my presence and actions for the public good? Are my words and actions collegial, i.e., courteous, respectful, and fair? Numerous specific solutions to common crisis problems are also offered. Among these suggestions are: (a) choose scientific team leaders primarily for their leadership skills; (b) speak publicly with a single scientific voice, especially when forecasts, warnings, or scientific disagreements are involved; (c) if you are a would-be visitor, inquire from the primary scientific team whether your help would be welcomed, and, in general, proceed only if the reply is genuinely positive; (d) in publications, personnel evaluations, and funding, reward rather than discourage teamwork. Models are available from the fields of particle physics and human genetics, among others.  相似文献