Mud and fluid migration in active mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  

S. Planke  H. Svensen  M. Hovland  D. A. Banks  B. Jamtveit 《Geo-Marine Letters》2003,23(3-4):258-268

Mud volcanic eruptions in Azerbaijan normally last for less than a few hours, and are characterized by vigorous extrusion of mud breccias, hydrocarbon gases, and waters. Recent fieldwork and mapping on four active mud volcanoes show that dormant period activity ranges from quiet to vigorous flow of mud and fluids. Geochemical analyses of expelled waters show a wide range in solute concentrations, suggesting the existence of a complex plumbing system. The mud and fluids have a deep origin, but are sometimes stored in intermediate-depth mud chambers. A mixing model between deep-seated saline waters and shallow meteoric water is proposed.  相似文献   

Advances in the fatigue assessment of wire ropes     

Alan G. Paton  Neil F. Casey  Joe Fairbairn  William M. Banks   《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(5)

This paper presents the findings from an in-depth analysis of the (axial) stiffness data recorded during tension–tension fatigue tests on wire ropes, particularly in relation to how changes in stiffness during testing relate to changes in rope strength. A linear relationship between stiffness and strength is shown to exist and a methodology presented for quantifying residual strength with applied cycles. New lower bound fatigue lines for six-strand rope and spiral strand are presented which are based on a 10% loss of strength. These new lines have the advantage of having been established using a common discard criterion for wire ropes.  相似文献   

The contact binary system YY Eri     

E. Budding  C-H. Kim  O. Demircan  Z. Müyesseroğlu  K. Saijo  T. Banks 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,246(2):229-242

Relatively new and unanalysed photometric data-sets of the contact binary system YY Eri are presented. The light curves have been analysed using information limit optimization techniques, and the Binary Maker program of Bradstreet (1992).Comparison of the results allows insight into determinacy questions affecting the W UMa type of light curve, which relates to our general understanding of contact binaries. A limiting contact configuration cannot be ruled out on the basis of empirical data-analysis alone.Very careful analysis of the photospheric flux distribution over the surface of the Sun may help establish appropriate values of the gravity brightening parameter for cool dwarf stars. At present, however, empirical photometric information on contact binaries is non-discriminatory: i.e. alternative cosmogonies can find alternative support from available evidence. The implication is then for more and better observational data to allow better real independent parameter determination.  相似文献   

Water resources of the world,selected statistics | F. van der Leeden, 1975. Water Information Center,Fort Washington, 460 pp., U.S. $ 32.50     

H.O. Banks 《Earth》1977,13(1):91-92

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Photochemical and transport processes in the upper atmosphere: L. Thomas and H. Risbeth (editors): Pergamon Press,Oxford, 1976. 112 pp. U.K. £5-00. U.S. $10.00.     

P.M. Banks 《Planetary and Space Science》1978,26(2):193

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Origin of fluids in iron oxide–copper–gold deposits: constraints from δ 37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br     

Massimo Chiaradia  Dave Banks  Robert Cliff  Robert Marschik  Antoine de Haller 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,41(6):565-573

The origin of the hypersaline fluids (magmatic or basinal brine?), associated with iron oxide (Cu–U–Au–REE) deposits, is controversial. We report the first chlorine and strontium isotope data combined with Cl/Br ratios of fluid inclusions from selected iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits (Candelaria, Raúl–Condestable, Sossego), a deposit considered to represent a magmatic end member of the IOCG class of deposit (Gameleira), and a magnetite–apatite deposit (El Romeral) from South America. Our data indicate mixing of a high δ ³⁷Cl magmatic fluid with near 0‰ δ ³⁷Cl basinal brines in the Candelaria, Raúl–Condestable, and Sossego IOCG deposits and leaching of a few weight percent of evaporites by magmatic-hydrothermal (?) fluids at Gameleira and El Romeral. The Sr isotopic composition of the inclusion fluids of Candelaria, Raúl–Condestable, and El Romeral confirms the presence of a non-magmatic fluid component in these deposits. The heavy chlorine isotope signatures of fluids from the IOCG deposits (Candelaria, Raúl–Condestable, Sossego), reflecting the magmatic-hydrothermal component of these fluids, contrast with the near 0‰ δ ³⁷Cl values of porphyry copper fluids known from the literature. The heavy chlorine isotope compositions of fluids of the investigated IOCG deposits may indicate a prevailing mantle Cl component in contrast to porphyry copper fluids, an argument also supported by Os isotopes, or could result from differential Cl isotope fractionation processes (e.g. phase separation) in fluids of IOCG and porphyry Cu deposits.  相似文献   

Evolution of fluids associated with metasedimentary sequences from Chaves (North Portugal)     

Alexandra Guedes  Fernando Noronha  Marie-Christine Boiron  David A. Banks 《Chemical Geology》2002,190(1-4):273-289

In order to identify and characterise fluids associated with metamorphic rocks from the Chaves region (North Portugal), fluid inclusions were studied in quartz veinlets, concordant with the main foliation, in graphitic-rich and nongraphitic-rich lithologies from areas with distinct metamorphic grade. The study indicates multiple fluid circulation events with a variety of compositions, broadly within the C–H–O–N–salt system. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz contain low salinity aqueous–carbonic, H₂O–CH₄–N₂–NaCl fluids that were trapped near the peak of regional metamorphism, which occurred during or immediately after D2. The calculated P–T conditions for the western area of Chaves (CW) is P=300–350 MPa and T500 °C, and for the eastern area (CE), P=200–250 MPa and T=400–450 °C. A first generation of secondary fluid inclusions is restricted to discrete cracks at the grain boundaries of quartz and consists of low salinity aqueous–carbonic, H₂O–CO₂–CH₄–N₂–NaCl fluids. P–T conditions from the fluid inclusions indicate that they were trapped during a thermal event, probably related with the emplacement of the two-mica granites.

A second generation of secondary inclusions occurs in intergranular fractures and is characterised by two types of aqueous inclusions. One type is a low salinity, H₂O–NaCl fluid and the second consists of a high salinity, H₂O–NaCl–CaCl₂ fluid. These fluid inclusions are not related to the metamorphic process and have been trapped after D3 at relatively low P (hydrostatic)–T conditions (P<100 MPa and T<300 °C).

Both the early H₂O–CH₄–N₂–NaCl fluids in quartz from the graphitic-rich lithologies and the later H₂O–CO₂–CH₄–N₂–NaCl carbonic fluid in quartz from graphitic-rich and nongraphitic-rich lithologies seem to have a common origin and evolution. They have low salinity, probably resulting from connate waters that were diluted by the water released from mineral dehydration during metamorphism. Their main component is water, but the early H₂O–CH₄–N₂–NaCl fluids are enriched in CH₄ due to interaction with the C-rich host rocks.

From the early H₂O–CH₄–N₂–NaCl to the later aqueous–carbonic H₂O–CO₂–CH₄–N₂–NaCl fluids, there is an enrichment in CO₂ that is more significant for the fluids associated with nongraphitic-rich lithologies.

The aqueous–carbonic fluids, enriched in H₂O and CH₄, are primarily associated with graphitic-rich lithologies. However, the aqueous–carbonic CO₂-rich fluids were found in both graphitic and nongraphitic-rich units from both the CW and CE studied areas, which are of medium and low metamorphic grade, respectively.  相似文献   

A high-resolution magnetotelluric survey of the Iapetus Suture Zone in southwest Scotland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sebastian Tauber  Roger Banks  Oliver Ritter  Ute Weckmann 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,153(3):548-568

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Hidden melting signatures recorded in the Troodos ophiolite plutonic suite: evidence for widespread generation of depleted melts and intra-crustal melt aggregation     

L. Coogan  G. Banks  K. Gillis  C. MacLeod  J. Pearce 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,144(4):484-506

The main plutonic complex of the Troodos ophiolite, north of the Arakapas Fault Zone, has been re-examined both from field and geochemical perspectives. Ion microprobe analyses of clinopyroxene crystal cores show that the range of melt compositions added to the lower crust far exceeds that of published lavas in the main Troodos massif. This suggests that the lower crust acted as a filter into which a large range of melt compositions were added and out of which a homogenised (and generally fractionated) derivative was extracted. This crustal-level aggregation homogenised diverse melt fractions from a broad range of degrees of melting. Depleted melts with U-shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns were a significant component of the melts added to the crust, but because of their low incompatible element abundances, mixing with less depleted melts prior to eruption masked their signature in the lavas. The discovery that highly depleted melts constituted a significant component of the melts added to the Troodos crust, but not of the lavas, demonstrates that the spatial distribution of lava-types is not necessarily a good indicator of where different parental melt compositions are generated within the mantle. Compared with normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, the Troodos parental melts were (1) generally depleted in immobile incompatible trace elements, (2) less depleted in light REE (LREE) than would be expected for the concomitant depletion in middle and heavy REE, (3) enriched in Sr with respect to the LREE and (4) more oxidised. Modelling of these characteristics suggests a mantle source that had previously lost a significant melt fraction under relatively reducing conditions. This was followed by remelting under more oxidising conditions in an environment in which Sr and LREE were added to the source consistent with previous models of a supra-subduction zone setting.  相似文献   

Metal-rich fluid inclusions provide new insights into unconformity-related U deposits (Athabasca Basin and Basement,Canada)     

Antonin Richard  Michel Cathelineau  Marie-Christine Boiron  Julien Mercadier  David A. Banks  Michel Cuney 《Mineralium Deposita》2016,51(2):249-270

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