Cation disorder in garnets along the Mg3Al2Si3O12-Mg4Si4O12 join: an infrared,Raman and NMR study     

Paul McMillan  Masaki Akaogi  Eiji Ohtani  Quentin Williams  Ronald Nieman  Robert Sato 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1989,16(5):428-435

We have obtained infrared and Raman spectra for garnets synthesized at high (static) pressures and temperatures along the join Mg₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ (pyrope) — Mg₄Si₄O₁₂ (magnesium majorite). The vibrational spectra of Mg-majorite show a large number of additional weak peaks compared with the spectra of cubic pyrope garnet, consistent with tetragonal symmetry for the MgSiO₃ garnet phase. The Raman bands for this phase show no evidence for line broadening, suggesting that Mg and Si are ordered on octahedral sites in the garnet. The bands for the intermediate garnet compositions are significantly broadened compared with the end-members pyrope and Mg-majorite, indicating cation disorder in the intermediate phases. Solid state ²⁷Al NMR spectroscopy for pyrope and two intermediate compositions show that Al is present only on octahedral sites, so the cation disorder is most likely confined to Mg-Al-Si mixing on the octahedral sites. We have also obtained a Raman spectrum for a natural, shock-produced (Fe,Mg) majorite garnet. The sharp Raman peaks suggest little or no cation disorder in this sample.  相似文献   

Generation of komatiite magma and gravitational differentiation in the deep upper mantle     

Eiji Ohtani 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,67(2):261-272

The densities of silicate liquids with basic, picritic, and ultrabasic compositions have been estimated from the melting curves of minerals at high pressures. Silicate liquids generated by partial melting of the upper mantle are denser than olivine and pyroxenes at pressures higher than 70 kbar, and garnet is the only phase which is denser than the liquid at pressures from 70 kbar to at least 170 kbar. In this pressure range, garnet and some fraction of liquid separate from ascending partially molten diapirs. It is therefore suggested that aluminium-depleted komatiite with a high Ca/OAl₂O₃ ratio may be derived from diapirs which originated in the deep upper mantle at pressures from 70 kbar to at least 140 kbar (200–400 km in depth), where selective separation of pyropic garnet occurs effectively. On the other hand, aluminium-undepleted komatiite is probably derived from diapirs originating at shallower depths (< 200 km). Enrichment of pyropic garnet is expected at depths greater than 200 km by selective separation of garnet from ascending diapirs. The 200-km discontinuity in the seismic wave velocity profile may be explained by a relatively high concentration of pyropic garnet at depths greater than 200 km.  相似文献   

Composition of the core,I. Solubility of oxygen in molten iron at high temperatures     

E. Ohtani  A.E. Ringwood 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,71(1):85-93

Experiments on the solubility of FeO in molten iron have been carried out at temperatures between 2100 and 2550°C. The results show that liquid FeO is extensively soluble in molten iron at 2500°C and indicate that they probably become completely miscible above 2800°C. Liquid iron in equilibrium with crystalline magnesiowüstite (Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)O which is believed to be an important mineral in the lower mantle, would dissolve about 14 mol.% of FeO at 2500°C and 40 mol.% of FeO at 2800°C. The geochemical implications of these results are discussed. It is concluded that the outer core probably contains a large amount of dissolved FeO and that oxygen is probably the principal light element in the outer core.  相似文献   

Quantitative distribution of late Cenozoic volcanic materials in Japan     

Arata Sugimura  Tokihiko Matsuda  Kiyotaka Chinzei  Kazuaki Nakamura 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1963,26(1):125-140

The late Cenozoic orogeny in Japan is briefly reviewed. Amounts of volcanic materials in the three periods of the orogeny are estimated at: early Neogene 150 × 10³ km³ (mafic 40 %, salic 60 %), middle and late Neogene 20 × 10³ km³ (mafic 70 %, salic 30 %), Quaternary 5 × 10³ km³ (mafic 80 %, salic 20 %). The largest volume per unit time is in the early Neogene, and the smallest in the middle and late Neogene. Volume per unit area becomes larger towards the southeastern margin or «front» of the volcanic belt. Thermal energy transported by volcanic materials is compared with the terrestrial heat flow in the belt.  相似文献   

Experimental constraints on the role of chloride in the origin and evolution of kimberlitic magma     

K. D. Litasov  I. S. Sharygin  A. F. Shatskiy  E. Ohtani  N. P. Pokhilenko 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2010,435(2):1641-1646

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Origin of EL3 chondrites: Evidence for variable C/O ratios during their course of formation—A state of the art scrutiny          下载免费PDF全文

A. El Goresy  Y. Lin  M. Miyahara  A. Gannoun  M. Boyet  E. Ohtani  P. Gillet  M. Trieloff  A. Simionovici  L. Feng  L. Lemelle 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(5):781-806

Mineral inventories of enstatite chondrites; (EH and EL) are strictly dictated by combined parameters mainly very low dual oxygen (fO₂) and sulfur (fS₂) fugacities. They are best preserved in the Almahata Sitta MS‐17, MS‐177 fragments, and the ALHA 77295 and MAC 88136 Antarctic meteorites. These conditions induce a stark change of the geochemical behavior of nominally lithophile elements to chalcophile or even siderophile and changes in the elemental partitioning thus leading to formation of unusual mineral assemblages with high abundance of exotic sulfide species and enrichment in the metallic alloys, for example, silicides and phosphides. Origin and mode of formation of these exotic chondrites, and their parental source regions could be best scrutinized by multitask research experiments of the most primitive members covering mineralogical, petrological, cosmochemical, and indispensably short‐lived isotopic chronology. The magnitude of temperature and pressure prevailed during their formation in their source regions could eventually be reasonably estimated: pre‐ and postaccretionary could eventually be deduced. The dual low fugacities are regulated by the carbon to oxygen ratios estimated to be >0.83 and <1.03. These parameters not only induce unusual geochemical behavior of the elements inverting many nominally lithophile elements to chalcophile or even siderophile or anthracophile. Structure and mineral inventories in EL3 and EH3 chondrites are fundamentally different. Yet EH3 and EL3 members store crucial information relevant to eventual source regions and importantly possible variation in C/O ratio in the course of their evolution. EL3 and EH3 chondrites contain trichotomous lithologies (1) chondrules and their fragments, (2) polygonal enstatite‐dominated objects, and (3) multiphase metal‐rich nodules. Mineralogical and cosmochemical inventories of lithologies in the same EL3 indicate not only similarities (REE inventory and anomalies in oldhamite) but also distinct differences (sinoite‐enstatite‐graphite relationship). Oldhamite in chondrules and polygonal fragments in EL3 depict negative Eu anomaly attesting a common cosmochemical source. Metal‐dominated nodules in both EL3 and EH3 are conglomerates of metal clasts and sulfide fragments in EH3 and concentrically zoned C‐bearing metal micropebbles (≥25 μm ≤50 μm) in EL3 thus manifesting a frozen in unique primordial accretionary metal texture and composition. Sinoite‐enstatite‐diopside‐graphite textures reveal a nucleation and growth strongly suggestive of fluctuating C/O ratio during their nucleation and growth in the source regions. Mineral inventories, sulfide phase relations, sinoite‐enstatite‐graphite intergrowth, carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of graphite, spatial nitrogen abundance in graphite in metal nodules, and last but not least ¹²⁹I/¹²⁹Xe and ⁵³Mn/⁵³Cr systematics negate any previously suggested melting episode, pre‐accretionary or dynamic, in parental asteroids.  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711300162X     

Fumiko Tajima  Masaki Yoshida  Eiji Ohtani 《地学前缘(英文版)》2015,6(1):79-93

Seismic observations have shown structural variation near the base of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)where subducted cold slabs,as visualized with high seismic speed anomalies(HSSAs),flatten to form stagnant slabs or sink further into the lower mantle.The different slab behaviors were also accompanied by variation of the "660 km" discontinuity depths and low viscosity layers(LVLs) beneath the MTZ that are suggested by geoid inversion studies.We address that deep water transport by subducted slabs and dehydration from hydrous slabs could affect the physical properties of mantle minerals and govern slab dynamics.A systematic series of three-dimensional numerical simulation has been conducted to examine the effects of viscosity reduction or contrast between slab materials on slab behaviors near the base of the MTZ.We found that the viscosity reduction of subducted crustal material leads to a separation of crustal material from the slab main body and its transient stagnation in the MTZ.The once trapped crustal materials in the MTZ eventually sink into the lower mantle within 20-30 My from the start of the plate subduction.The results suggest crustal material recycle in the whole mantle that is consistent with evidence from mantle geochemistry as opposed to a two-layer mantle convection model.Because of the smaller capacity of water content in lower mantle minerals than in MTZ minerals,dehydration should occur at the phase transformation depth,~660 km.The variation of the discontinuity depths and highly localized low seismic speed anomaly(LSSA) zones observed from seismic P waveforms in a relatively high frequency band(~1 Hz) support the hypothesis of dehydration from hydrous slabs at the phase boundary.The LSSAs which correspond to dehydration induced fluids are likely to be very local,given very small hydrogen(H~+) diffusivity associated with subducted slabs.The image of such local LSSA zones embedded in HSSAs may not be necessarily captured in tomography studies.The high electrical conductivity in the MTZ beneath the northwestern Pacific subduction zone does not necessarily require a broad range of high water content homogeneously.  相似文献   

NanoSIMS analysis of organic carbon from the Tissint Martian meteorite: Evidence for the past existence of subsurface organic‐bearing fluids on Mars     

Yangting Lin  Ahmed El Goresy  Sen Hu  Jianchao Zhang  Philippe Gillet  Yuchen Xu  Jialong Hao  Masaaki Miyahara  Ziyuan Ouyang  Eiji Ohtani  Lin Xu  Wei Yang  Lu Feng  Xuchao Zhao  Jing Yang  Shin Ozawa 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(12):2201-2218

Two petrographic settings of carbonaceous components, mainly filling open fractures and occasionally enclosed in shock‐melt veins, were found in the recently fallen Tissint Martian meteorite. The presence in shock‐melt veins and the deuterium enrichments (δD up to +1183‰) of these components clearly indicate a pristine Martian origin. The carbonaceous components are kerogen‐like, based on micro‐Raman spectra and multielemental ratios, and were probably deposited from fluids in shock‐induced fractures in the parent rock of Tissint. After precipitation of the organic matter, the rock experienced another severe shock event, producing the melt veins that encapsulated a part of the organic matter. The C isotopic compositions of the organic matter (δ¹³C = ?12.8 to ?33.1‰) are significantly lighter than Martian atmospheric CO₂ and carbonate, providing a tantalizing hint for a possible biotic process. Alternatively, the organic matter could be derived from carbonaceous chondrites, as insoluble organic matter from the latter has similar chemical and isotopic compositions. The presence of organic‐rich fluids that infiltrated rocks near the surface of Mars has significant implications for the study of Martian paleoenvironment and perhaps to search for possible ancient biological activities on Mars.  相似文献   

The partitioning of Pt-Re-Os between solid and liquid metal in the Fe-Ni-S system at high pressure: Implications for inner core fractionation     

Hiromi Hayashi  Eiji Ohtani  Hidenori Terasaki  Yoshinori Ito 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(16):4836-4475

Coupled ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os enrichments of plume-derived lavas have been suggested to reflect contributions of materials from the outer core (Brandon et al., 1998). This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the Earth’s liquid outer core has high Pt/Os and slightly high Re/Os ratios as a result of the crystallization of the solid inner core, and shows coupled enrichments in the ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios, reflecting the decay of ¹⁹⁰Pt and ¹⁸⁷Re to ¹⁸⁶Os and ¹⁸⁷Os, respectively. Partitioning experiments of Pt-Re-Os between solid and liquid metal were performed at 5-20 GPa and 1250-1400 °C, to examine the effects of pressure in the Fe-Ni-S system. The ratios (D_Os/D_Pt, D_Os/D_Re) of measured partition coefficients of Pt, Re and Os are almost constant with increasing pressure. D_Os/D_Pt increases significantly, whereas D_Os/D_Re decreases, with increasing sulphur content in the liquid metal. On the basis of the present experimental results, it is unlikely that the required Pt-Re-Os fractionation is generated during inner core crystallization, assuming that the light element in the Earth’s core is sulphur.  相似文献   

Cathodoluminescence of high-pressure feldspar minerals as a shock barometer          下载免费PDF全文

Masahiro Kayama  Toshimori Sekine  Naotaka Tomioka  Hirotsugu Nishido  Yukako Kato  Kiyotaka Ninagawa  Takamichi Kobayashi  Akira Yamaguchi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2018,53(7):1476-1488

Cathodoluminescence (CL) analyses were carried out on maskelynite and lingunite in L6 chondrites of Tenham and Yamato-790729. Under CL microscopy, bright blue emission was observed in Na-lingunite in the shock veins. Dull blue-emitting maskelynite is adjacent to the shock veins, and aqua blue luminescent plagioclase lies farther away. CL spectroscopy of the Na-lingunite showed emission bands centered at ~330, 360–380, and ~590 nm. CL spectra of maskelynite consisted of emission bands at ~330 and ~380 nm. Only an emission band at 420 nm was recognized in crystalline plagioclase. Deconvolution of CL spectra from maskelynite successfully separated the UV–blue emission bands into Gaussian components at 3.88, 3.26, and 2.95 eV. For comparison, we prepared K-lingunite and experimentally shock-recovered feldspars at the known shock pressures of 11.1–41.2 GPa to measure CL spectra. Synthetic K-lingunite has similar UV–blue and characteristic yellow bands at ~550, ~660, ~720, ~750, and ~770 nm. The UV–blue emissions of shock-recovered feldspars and the diaplectic feldspar glasses show a good correlation between intensity and shock pressure after deconvolution. They may be assigned to pressure-induced defects in Si and Al octahedra and tetrahedra. The components at 3.88 and 3.26 eV were detectable in the lingunite, both of which may be caused by the defects in Si and Al octahedra, the same as maskelynite. CL of maskelynite and lingunite may be applicable to estimate shock pressure for feldspar-bearing meteorites, impactites, and samples returned by spacecraft mission, although we need to develop more as a reliable shock barometer.  相似文献