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Fluvial sediment transport and deposition following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo generated extreme sediment yields from watersheds heavily impacted by pyroclastic flows. Bedload sampling in the Pasig–Potrero River, one of the most heavily impacted rivers, revealed negligible critical shear stress and very high transport rates that reflected an essentially unlimited sediment supply and the enhanced mobility of particles moving over a smooth, fine-grained bed. Dimensionless bedload transport rates in the Pasig–Potrero River differed substantially from those previously reported for rivers in temperate regions for the same dimensionless shear stress, but were similar to rates identified in rivers on other volcanoes and ephemeral streams in arid environments. The similarity between volcanically disturbed and arid rivers appears to arise from the lack of an armored bed surface due to very high relative sediment supply; in arid rivers, this is attributed to a flashy hydrograph, whereas volcanically disturbed rivers lack armoring due to sustained high rates of sediment delivery. This work suggests that the increases in sediment supply accompanying massive disturbance induce morphologic and hydrologic changes that temporarily enhance transport efficiency until the watershed recovers and sediment supply is reduced. 相似文献
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Sperry B.J. Lynch J.F. Gawarkiewicz G. Ching-Sang Chiu Newhall A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2003,28(4):729-749
During July and August of 1996, the summer component of the New England shelfbreak front PRIMER experiment was fielded in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, at a site due south of Martha's Vineyard, MA. This study produced acoustic transmission data from a network of moored sources and receivers in conjunction with very-high-resolution oceanography measurements. This paper analyzes receptions at the northeast array receiver from two 400 Hz acoustic tomography sources, with the transmission paths going from the continental slope onto the continental shelf. These data, along with forward acoustic-propagation modeling based on moored oceanographic data, SeaSoar hydrography measurements, and bottom measurements, reveal many new and interesting aspects of acoustic propagation in a complicated slope-shelf environment. For example, one sees that both the shelfbreak front and tidally generated soliton internal wave packets produce stronger mode coupling than previously expected, leading to an interesting time-and-range-variable population of the acoustic normal modes. Additionally, the arrival time wander and the signal spread of acoustic pulses show variability that can be attributed to the presence of a frontal meander and variability in the soliton field. These and other effects are discussed in this paper, with an emphasis on creating a strong connection between the environmental measurements and the acoustic field characteristics. 相似文献
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Lynch J.F. Newhall A.E. Sperry B. Gawarkiewicz G. Fredricks A. Tyack P. Chiu C.S. Abbot P. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2003,28(1):129-150
The spatial and temporal variability of the acoustic field in the region of a strong coastal shelfbreak front are examined, using the high-resolution environmental data from the 1996-1997 New England shelfbreak PRIMER experiment to provide input to acoustic propagation models. Specifically, the "SeaSoar" undulating conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) probe across-shelf transects provide 1-km along-track resolution, including the front, during the spring, summer, and winter seasons. These data allow one to study the diurnal and seasonal temporal variation of the acoustic field, as well as the varying spatial structure of the field. Using the RAM parabolic equation code, across-shelf acoustic field structure at 200, 400, and 1000 Hz is studied for various source depths. A number of interesting propagation effects are noted, the most interesting of which are the inhibition of strong acoustic-bottom interaction by the warm shelf water beneath the shelfbreak front and the existence of small-scale ducts near the front, due to offshore transport. Data from the vertical line arrays deployed as part of PRIMER offer partial validation of the predictions made. Specifically, it is seen that the mean received levels are in reasonable accord with propagation calculations made using locally measured bottom properties and the SeaSoar water-column measurements. 相似文献
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A model for the matched filter response to continuous reverberation from the transmission of broadband waveforms is developed. The application is for reverberation from a rough interface, based on perturbation theory. The model is developed for both the stationary rough bottom and the moving ocean surface interfaces. The mean reverberation is predicted as a function of the Doppler speed of the matched filter replica. Application is made to the design of waveforms with comb-like spectra. A uniform train of impulses produces a comb spectrum that is shown to significantly reject reverberation for a certain range of Doppler speeds. A similar low-reverberation response is produced from a continuous source emitting a wavetrain composed of adjacent hyperbolic-frequency-modulated (HFM) pulses. A waveform design technique is demonstrated to ensure continuity of the entire HFM wavetrain. Finally, waveforms with geometrically spaced comb spectra are considered. A new geometric comb waveform with constant amplitude is specified. However, this waveform requires a large bandwidth which may be difficult to obtain with practical high-power sources. Hard and soft-clipped versions of the comb spectra waveform are considered which provide useful compromises between the amount of reverberation suppression, the transmitted energy efficiency, and the utilization of available bandwidth. 相似文献
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X X Newhall 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1988,45(1-3):305-310
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides high-precision numerically integrated planetary and lunar ephemerides in support of spacecraft navigation and other activities relating to solar system bodies. Hundreds of users around the world have requested copies of the ephemerides. In the interests of compactness and utility, techniques have been developed for (1) the generation of the coefficients of an interpolating polyncmial based on output from the integrator, and (2) transformation of the contents of an ephemeris file to a standard form usable on virtually any computer. 相似文献
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The recent long-term integration of JPL ephemeris DE403/LE403 yielded lunar physical librations covering 6000 years. A Fourier analysis of a 718-year subset of this span produced estimates of the component frequencies of the forced and free librations. A subsequent iterative least-squares estimation procedure provided precise values for phases and for time-varying amplitudes and frequencies. Two free libration modes were found; presence of a third is possible but close to the noise. 相似文献