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A one-dimensional hydrostatic and incompressible numerical model based upon the shallow water wave equations is developed and used to simulate surface outflows from convective storms. Axial symmetry is employed to simulate surface outflows from storms in non-shearing environments, while slab symmetry is used to simulate unidirectional convective outflows.The model is initialized with observed data from GATE and is found to be capable of simulating the slope, depth, overall shape, and propagation speed of the outflow of tropical squall-lines.The model is used to construct a series of nomograms relating the depth of the head of the gust front to the origin and strength of the downdraft for various density differences and downdraft radii. The model predicts that convection which generates wide downdrafts originating deep within cumulonimbi and growing in strongly sheared environments (encouraging unidirectional outflows at the surface) produces the deepest gust fronts. To maintain these outflows requires the weakest downdraft velocities; when the downdrafts cease, such outflows do not decay rapidly. Conversely, the model predicts that narrow downdrafts originating near cloud base and growing in environments which encourage radial outflows, produce the shallowest gust fronts. To maintain radial outflows requires the strongest downdrafts; when the downdrafts cease, radial outflows decay most rapidly. 相似文献
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Simultaneous observations at up to six levels through a depth of 1100 m from a tethered balloon and instrumented ship's boom of 49 gust fronts associated with convective clouds are used to describe the mean and the detailed characteristics of tropical oceanic cumuli outflow at the surface and in the boundary layer.The changes in temperature and velocity of the maritime tropical gust front are about 50%; of the changes observed in mid-latitude convective outflows. Vertical velocities at the gust front l m s-1 are continuous through the lower 500 m for time periods up to 8 min implying vertical displacements of at least 500 m entirely sufficient at the observed humidities (q >- 15 g kg-1) to initiate new cloud growth. Horizontal and vertical vorticity in the order of 10-3 s-1 to 10-2 s-1 is observed at the gust front. 相似文献
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The stress system induced the weight of a sediment and the pore fluid it contains, termed the passive stress system, is capable of deforming the sediment. This volumetric deformation is examined with respect to the evolution of porosity and permeability during burial. The effect of this self deformation on the shape of growth faults and normal faults in extensional terrains is considered. 相似文献
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Effect of two different habitats on spine and gonad colour in the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study investigates the effect of different Mediterranean habitats on spine and gonad colouring and gonadal index in the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Specimens were collected in winter 2012 in Posidonia oceanica meadows and rocky bottom areas at two sites in Southern Sardinia (Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea). Colorimetric analyses of spines and gonads were conducted with a digital colorimeter using CIELAB colour spaces, which defines the colour in terms of three coordinate values: lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). Lightness and redness of the spines differed significantly between habitats, whereas colour spaces of the gonads did not. A careful analysis of the gonad index showed it to be significantly affected by habitat, registering higher values in rocky bottom locations. In conclusion, it seems that habitat does affect spine colour but not gonad colour. Spine colour seems to be site‐dependent, whereas the gonad index depends solely on the habitat. 相似文献
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The porosity and hence volume of argillaceous sediments is determined by: (1) the magnitude of the effective stress acting within the sediment; (2) the previous stress history of the sediment; and (3) at shallow depths of burial, by features such as the mineralogy and the nature of the depositional environment. Stress paths and the critical state diagrams for a number of clays are used to investigate the range of porosities possible in argillaceous sediments as the effective stresses increase. It is found that all porosity/effective stress curves converge at large stresses. The change in porosity is strongly dependent on the mean effective stress but largely independent of the deviatoric stress, and thus is largely independent of the nature of the stress field acting on the basin (compressional, extensional etc.). Because of the dependence of porosity on the mean effective stress, no simple relationship exists between porosity and depth of burial but in the absence of overpressured pore fluids and assuming the sediment is not overconsolidated, it is possible to contour the porosity/effective stress diagram in terms of burial depths. These data should assist in recalculating stratigraphic thicknesses for basin reconstruction and stratigraphic correlation studies. 相似文献
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Serenella Cabiddu Pierantonio Addis Francesco Palmas Antonio Pusceddu 《Marine Ecology》2023,44(1):e12738
The alien Asian date mussel Arcuatula senhousia inhabits several coastal environments worldwide. This species can form dense mats where individuals attach through byssus threads, thus altering the structure, functioning and biodiversity of the native communities. We investigated the feeding preference of different predators on this alien species in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. To do this, a mesocosm experiment was conducted using two crab species (the Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii) and the Say mud crab Dyspanopeus sayi, and one gastropod, the banded dye-murex Hexaplex trunculus as predators of A. senhousia with or without byssus mats. Our data suggest that C. aestuarii is a more effective predator against A. senhousia than D. sayi, and that H. trunculus is almost ineffective. A possible implication of this result is the potential use of the native crab C. aestuarii for limit the formation of the byssus mats, thus mitigating their potential negative effects on the native communities. 相似文献
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A. Beyene D. Yemane T. Addis A. A. Assayie L. Triest 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(7):1881-1886
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) as an eco-friendly technology for coffee wastewater (CWW) management. First, we have characterized the CWW and found that it is suitable for microbial degradation with pH adjustment. Then, we designed a simple anaerobic batch reactor (ABR) and evaluated its potential for energy yield and efficiency to remove pollutants. The experiment was carried out by operating the anaerobic digestion (AD) for 70 days. The ABR was found to be efficient for the removal of organic load (90 %), nutrients (82 %) and suspended solids (95 %) from coffee processing waste. The increased removal efficiency of pollutants was dependent on the hydraulic retention time of the system. We also estimated that the coffee waste has a potential to produce a theoretical energy yield of 4–10 million KJ/day and an organic fertilizer (digestate) of 18.8–25.2 kg VSS/day. As a result, the AD would be a more sensible consideration as an eco-friendly treatment option for the coffee waste. The use of AD for CWW treatment not only reduces emission of greenhouse gases to the environment but also circumvents the rising demand for fuel wood and charcoal that causes a severe deforestation in the coffee growing regions of the world. 相似文献
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Christopher D. Elvidge Jeffrey Safran Benjamin Tuttle Paul Sutton Pierantonio Cinzano Donald Pettit John Arvesen Christopher Small 《GeoJournal》2007,69(1-2):45-53
Nightsat is a concept for a satellite system capable of global observation of the location, form and density of lighted infrastructure
and development within human settlements. Nightsat’s repeat cycle should be sufficient to produce an annual cloud-free composite
of surface lighting to enable detection of growth rates. Airborne and satellite imagery have been used to define the range
of spatial, spectral, and detection limit options for a future Nightsat mission. Our conclusion is that Nightsat should collect
data from a near-synchronous orbit in the early evening with 50–100 m spatial resolution and have detection limits of 2.5E−8 W cm−2 sr−1 μm−1 or better. Multispectral low-light imaging data would be better than panchromatic data by providing valuable information
on the type or character of lighting, a potentially stronger predictor of variables such as ambient population density and
economic activity. 相似文献