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1.
N. S. Nightingale 《Experimental Astronomy》1990,1(6):407-422
A new Silicon avalanche photodiode photon counting detector module with a peak detection efficiency of 45% and a maximum counting rate of more than 3,000,000cts/sec is described and its performance assessed over a range of operating conditions. The module should prove ideal for a wide variety of astronomical instrumentation as it covers the spectral range 350–1050nm and is compact, rugged and relatively cheap. 相似文献
2.
Bounding difference: Intersectionality and the material production of gender, caste, class and environment in Nepal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrea J. Nightingale 《Geoforum》2011,42(2):153-162
Current theorising in human geography draws attention to the relational emergence of space and society, challenging ideas of difference that rely on fixed identities and emphasising the importance of the everyday in the production of social inequalities. Similarly, feminist political ecology has emphasised the role of ‘nature’ or ‘environment’ in the production of subjectivities such that ideas of gender and nature arise in relation to each other. In this paper I build from these insights to explore the ways in which the embodied performance of gender, caste and other aspects of social difference collapse the distinction between the material and the symbolic. Symbolic ideas of difference are produced and expressed through embodied interactions that are firmly material. Through this kind of conceptualisation, I hope to push forward debates in geography on nature and feminist political ecology on how to understand the intersectional emergence of subjectivities, difference and socio-natures. Importantly, it is the symbolic meanings of particular spaces, practices and bodies that are (re)produced through everyday activities including forest harvesting, agricultural work, food preparation and consumption, all of which have consequences for both ecological processes and social difference. Through the performance of everyday tasks, not only are ideas of gender, caste and social difference brought into view, but the embodied nature of difference that extends beyond the body and into the spaces of everyday life is evident. I use ethnographic evidence from rural Nepal to explore the ways in which boundaries between bodies, spaces, ecologies and symbolic meanings of difference are produced and maintained relationally through practices of work and ritual. 相似文献
3.
Andrea Nightingale 《Geoforum》2003,34(4):525-540
This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing human–environment issues that examines shifting, dialectical relationships between social and power relations, cultural beliefs and practices, and ecological processes to allow an interdisciplinary, complex assessment of social and environmental change in Nepal. The purpose of this analysis is to capture the complexity and non-static nature of environmental and social change in the context of uneven development. Drawing from political ecology and feminist geography, this framework brings together scholarship on aspects of human–environment issues that are often pursued in isolation, yet all three processes, social–political relations, cultural practices and ecological conditions, have been acknowledged as important in shaping the trajectory of social and ecological change. I argue that a consideration of the articulations between them is necessary to understand first, how specific land management regimes arise and are dominant over time in specific places. And second, I examine the extent to which these regimes distribute resources equitably within communities, promote economic development and sustain ecological resilience. In this analysis, ecological processes are conceptualised as co-productive of social and cultural processes to explore their role in land management regimes without resorting to environmental determinist or similarly reductive paradigms. I present this framework through the example of natural resource management, specifically community forestry in Nepal, as it offers a rich case study of the relationships between the political economy of land use and the ecological effects of natural resource extraction. 相似文献
4.
Participatory ecological monitoring brings together conservationists and members of the public to collect data about changes in nature. This article scrutinizes the “social nature” of such monitoring, considering not only its impacts for nature, but also society, and importantly the ways in which these interact. Drawing on the field of nature–society studies we present a framework with which to explore case studies from the community forests of Nepal. We document the importance of multiple knowledges of nature, including what is referred to as “local monitoring” and its relation to the scientific procedures promoted in participatory monitoring; the consequences of participatory monitoring as a situated and embodied practice, such that it may (re)produce social inequalities; and the place of monitoring within the wider socioecological regime, with regard to possible unintended consequences for both nature and society. This article thus expands our understanding of the complexities of this increasingly popular approach to conservation. 相似文献
5.
Strengthening conceptual foundations: Analysing frameworks for ecosystem services and poverty alleviation research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Janet A. Fisher Genevieve Patenaude Patrick Meir Andrea J. Nightingale Mark D.A. Rounsevell Mathew Williams Iain H. Woodhouse 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(5):1098-1111
A research agenda is currently developing around the linkages between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation. It is therefore timely to consider which conceptual frameworks can best support research at this nexus. Our review of frameworks synthesises existing research on poverty/environment linkages that should not be overlooked with the adoption of the topical language of ecosystem services. A total of nine conceptual frameworks were selected on the basis of relevance. These were reviewed and compared to assess their ability to illuminate the provision of ecosystem services, the condition, determinants and dynamics of poverty, and political economy factors that mediate the relationship between poverty and ecosystem services. The paper synthesises the key contributions of each of these frameworks, and the gaps they expose in one another, drawing out lessons that can inform emerging research. Research on poverty alleviation must recognize social differentiation, and be able to distinguish between constraints of access and constraints of aggregate availability of ecosystem services. Different frameworks also highlight important differences between categories of services, their pathways of production, and their contribution to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, we highlight that it is important to acknowledge the limits of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, given evidence that ecosystem services tend to be more associated with poverty prevention than reduction. We conclude by reflecting on the relative merits of dynamic Social–Ecological Systems frameworks versus more static checklists, and suggest that research on ecosystem services and poverty alleviation would be well served by a new framework distilling insights from the frameworks we review. 相似文献
6.
Chertok I.M. Fomichev V.V. Gnezdilov A.A. Gorgutsa R.V. Grechnev V.V. Markeev A.K. Nightingale R.W. Sobolev D.E. 《Solar physics》2001,204(1-2):139-152
The 14 July 2000 (`Bastille Day') eruptive and geoeffective flare event was observed by the digital IZMIRAN radio spectrograph
in the frequency range of 25–270 MHz. This instrument allowed the analysis of various features of the dynamic radio spectrum
and their comparison with other observational data, in particular with development of a spectacular EUV post-eruption arcade
recorded aboard the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). (1) A compressed multi-hour radio spectrum shows that
the event caused a conspicuous weakening of the pre-existing noise storm. This phenomenon was perhaps caused by interaction
of a large halo coronal mass ejection (CME), recorded by the the Large Angle and Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO) aboard
the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), with emitting coronal structures. (2) Several type II bands are present at
the initial and maximum phases of the flare event. The frequency drifts of the clearest bands correspond to the estimated
shock wave speed of 1100–2300 km s−1 that is comparable with the CME speed observed in the sky plane. (3) Significant broadband enhancements of the metric radio
emission took place around of 10:24–10:27 UT coinciding with sharp development of the EUV arcade in the northeast direction.
It appears to correspond to the intensification of the electron acceleration in a process of post-eruption loop formation.
(4) The high-resolution radio spectrum revealed a superposition of numerous type III-like bursts and/or pulsations with a
time scale ranging from a few seconds to several tens of seconds. These features can be attributed particularly to successive
formation of new loops of the arcade and corresponding temporal fragmentation of the electron acceleration in the course of
the post-eruption reconnection. In summary, the analysis demonstrates the correspondence between the multi-scale temporal
features of the metric radio emission and such phenomena as the CME and post-eruption EUV arcade. Some spectra, images, and
movies illustrating the event are presented also on the accompanying CD-ROM.
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014224004946 相似文献
7.
Feng Gao Morisette J.T. Wolfe R.E. Ederer G. Pedelty J. Masuoka E. Myneni R. Bin Tan Nightingale J. 《Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE》2008,5(1):60-64
Ecological and climate models require high-quality consistent biophysical parameters as inputs and validation sources. NASA's moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) biophysical products provide such data and have been used to improve our understanding of climate and ecosystem changes. However, the MODIS time series contains occasional lower quality data, gaps from persistent clouds, cloud contamination, and other gaps. Many modeling efforts, such as those used in the North American Carbon Program, that use MODIS data as inputs require gap-free data. This letter presents the algorithm used within the MODIS production facility to produce temporally smoothed and spatially continuous biophysical data for such modeling applications. We demonstrate the algorithm with an example from the MODIS-leaf-area-index (LAI) product. Results show that the smoothed LAI agrees with high-quality MODIS LAI very well. Higher R-squares and better linear relationships have been observed when high-quality retrieval in each individual tile reaches 40% or more. These smoothed products show similar data quality to MODIS high-quality data and, therefore, can be substituted for low-quality retrievals or data gaps. 相似文献
8.
Hemant R. Ojha Sharad Ghimire Adam Pain Andrea Nightingale Dil B. Khatri Hari Dhungana 《Climate Policy》2016,16(4):415-433
As developing countries around the world formulate policies to address climate change, concerns remain as to whether the voices of those most exposed to climate risk are represented in those policies. Developing countries face significant challenges for contextualizing global-scale scientific research into national political dynamics and downscaling global frameworks to sub-national levels, where the most affected are presumed to live. This article critiques the ways in which the politics of representation and climate science are framed and pursued in the process of climate policy development, and contributes to an understanding of the relative effectiveness of globally framed, generic policy mechanisms in vulnerable and politically volatile contexts. Based on this analysis, it also outlines opportunities for the possibility of improving climate policy processes to contest technocratic framing and generic international adaptation solutions.
Policy relevance
Nepal's position as one of the countries most at risk from climate change in the Himalayas has spurred significant international support to craft climate policy responses over the past few years. Focusing on the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and the Climate Change Policy, this article examines the extent to which internationally and scientifically framed climate policy in Nepal recognizes the unfolding political mobilizations around the demand for a representative state and equitable adaptation to climate risks. This is particularly important in Nepal, where political unrest in the post-conflict transition after the end of the civil war in 2006 has focused around struggles over representation for those historically on the political margins. Arguing that vulnerability to climate risk is produced in conjunction with social and political conditions, and that not everyone in the same locality is equally vulnerable, we demonstrate the multi-faceted nature of the politics of representation for climate policy making in Nepal. However, so far, this policy making has primarily been shaped through a technocratic framing that avoids political contestations and downplays the demand for inclusive and deliberative processes. Based on this analysis, we identify the need for a flexible, contextually grounded, and multi-scalar approach to political representation while also emphasizing the need for downscaling climate science that can inform policy development and implementation to achieve fair and effective adaptation to climate change. 相似文献
9.
Y. Li B. J. Lynch B. T. Welsch G. A. Stenborg J. G. Luhmann G. H. Fisher Y. Liu R. W. Nightingale 《Solar physics》2010,264(1):149-164
Three homologous coronal mass ejections (CMEs) occurred on 5, 12 and 16 May 1997 from the single magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL) of AR8038. The three events together provide STEREO-like quadrature views of the 12 May 1997 CME and EIT double dimming. The recurrent CMEs with the nearly identical post-CME potential state and the ‘sigmoid to arcade to sigmoid’ transformations indicate a repeatable store?–?release?–?restore process of the free energy. How was the free magnetic energy re-introduced to the potential state corona after each release in this decaying active region? Making use of the known time interval bounded by the adjacent homologous CMEs, we made the following measures. The unsigned magnetic flux of AR8038, ΦAR, decreased by approximately 18% during 66 h, while the unsigned flux, ΦPIL, in a Gaussian-weighted PIL-region containing the flare site increased by about 50% during 36 hrs prior to the C1.3 flare on 12 May 1997. The significant increase of ΦPIL demonstrates the magnetic gradient increase and the build-up of free energy in the PIL-region during the time leading to the eruption. Fourier local correlation tracking (FLCT) flow speed in AR8038 ranges from 0 to 292.8 m?s?1 with a mean value of 63.2 m?s?1. The flow field contains a persistent converging flow towards the flaring PIL and an effective shear flow distributed in the AR. Minor angular motions were found. An integrated proxy Poynting flux S h estimates the energy input to the corona to be on the order of 1.15×1032 erg during the 66 hrs before the C1.3 flare. It suggests that sufficient energy for a flare/CME can be introduced to the corona on the order of several days by the flows deduced from photospheric magnetic field motions in this small decaying active region. 相似文献
10.
Brown D.S. Nightingale R.W. Alexander D. Schrijver C.J. Metcalf T.R. Shine R.A. Title A.M. Wolfson C.J. 《Solar physics》2003,216(1-2):79-108
Recent observations from TRACE in the photospheric white-light channel have shown sunspots that rotate up to 200° about their
umbral centre over a period of 3–5 days. The corresponding loops in the coronal fan are often seen to twist and can erupt
as flares. In an ongoing study, seven cases of rotating sunspots have been identified, two of which can be associated with
sigmoid structures appearing in Yohkoh/SXT and six with events seen by GOES. This paper analyzes the rotation rates of the sunspots using TRACE white-light data.
Observations from AR 9114 are presented in detail in the main text and a summary of the results for the remaining six sunspots
is presented in Appendixes A–F. Discussion of the key results, particularly common features, are presented, as well as possible
mechanisms for sunspot rotation.
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026138413791 相似文献