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Shintaro Yao Koichi Kobayashi Nozomu Yoshida Hiroshi Matsuo 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(5):572-409
Shaking table tests were conducted by means of a large-scale laminar box with 4 m in length, 2 m in width and 2 m in height in order to investigate behavior of a soil-pile-superstructure system in liquefiable ground. A model two-storey structure, supported by a pile group, was set in a saturated sand deposit, and subjected to a sinusoidal base motion with increasing amplitude. Discussions are focused on the transient behavior until soil liquefaction occurs. Main interests are characteristics of springs used in a sway-rocking model and a multi-freedom lumped mass (MFLM) model that are frequently used in soil–pile interaction analysis. The spring constant in the sway-rocking model is represented by restoring force characteristics at the pile head, and that in the MFLM system is represented by an interaction spring connecting the pile to the free field. The transient state prior to soil liquefaction is shown to be important in the design of a pile because dynamic earth pressure shows peak response in this state. The reduction of the stiffness due to excess porewater generation and strain dependent nonlinear behavior is evaluated. 相似文献
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Whole mantle SH velocity model constrained by waveform inversion based on three-dimensional Born kernels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nozomu Takeuchi 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(3):1153-1163
A whole mantle SH velocity model is obtained by using a unique data set and techniques. Body and surface waveforms including major and multi-orbit phases are used as a data set and are inverted by using 3-D Born kernels. The resultant model, SH18CE, reveals the different natures of the two major upwelling systems: the strong low velocity anomalies beneath Africa extend for more than 1000 km from the core–mantle boundary (CMB), whereas those beneath the Pacific are restricted to 300–400 km from the CMB. The results also show the variable natures of stagnant slabs on the 670 discontinuity around Japan: the depths of the strongest high velocity anomalies within the stagnant slabs are different region by region, which is consistent with the detailed delay time tomography model in this area. 相似文献
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Abstract We carried out hydrothermal experiments in the system dolomite‐quartz‐H2O to track the temporal change in reaction rates of simultaneous reactions during the development of reaction zones. Two types of configurations for the starting materials were prepared: dolomite single crystals + quartz powder + water and quartz single crystals + dolomite powder + water, both sealed separately in gold capsules. Runs at 0.1GPa and 600°C with cold seal pressure vessels gave the following results. (i) In short duration (45–71 h) runs metastable layer sequences involving wollastonite and talc occur in the reaction zone, whereas they disappear in longer duration (168–336 h) runs. (ii) The layer sequence of the reaction zones in short duration runs differs from place to place on the dolomite crystal even in the same run. (iii) The diversity of layer sequences in the short duration runs merges into a unique layer sequence in the longer duration runs. (iv) The reaction zone develops locally on the dolomite crystal, but no reaction zone was observed on the quartz crystal in any of the runs. The lines of evidence (i)–(iii) show that the system evolves from an initial transient‐ to a steady‐state and that the kinetic effect is important in the development of reaction zones. A steady diffusion model for the unique layer sequence Qtz/Di/Fo + Cal/Dol + Cal/Dol shows that the Dol + Cal layer cannot be formed by diffusion‐controlled process and that the stability of the layer sequence Qtz/Di/Fo + Cal/Dol depends not only on L‐ratios (a = /LCaOCaO and b = /LMgOMgO) but also on the relative rate P = (−2ξ1 − ξ2)/(–ξ1 − 2ξ2) of competing reactions: Dol + 2Qtz = Di + 2CO2 (ξ1) and 2Dol + Qtz = Fo + 2Cal + 2CO2 (ξ2). For smaller P the stability field will shift to higher values of a and b. The steady diffusion model also shows that the apparent‐non‐reactivity on the quartz surface can be attributed to void formation in a large volume fraction in the diopside layer. 相似文献
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Shiro Kohshima Nozomu Takeuchi Jun Uetake Takayuki Shiraiwa Ryu Uemura Naohiro Yoshida Sumito Matoba Maria Angelica Godoi 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,59(1-4):236
Snow algae in a 45.97-m-long ice core from the Tyndall Glacier (50°59′05″S, 73°31′12″W, 1756 m a.s.l.) in the Southern Patagonian Icefield were examined for potential use in ice core dating and estimation of the net accumulation rate. The core was subjected to visual stratigraphic observation and bulk density measurements in the field, and later to analyses of snow algal biomass, water isotopes (18O, D), and major dissolved ions. The ice core contained many algal cells that belonged to two species of snow algae growing in the snow near the surface: Chloromonas sp. and an unknown green algal species. Algal biomass and major dissolved ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−) exhibited rapid decreases in the upper 3 m, probably owing to melt water elution and/or decomposition of algal cells. However, seasonal cycles were still found for the snow algal biomass, 18O, D-excess, and major ions, although the amplitudes of the cycles decreased with depth. Supposing that the layers with almost no snow algae were the winter layers without the melt water essential to algal growth, we estimated that the net accumulation rate at this location was 12.9 m a− 1 from winter 1998 to winter 1999, and 5.1 m from the beginning of winter to December 1999. These estimates are similar to the values estimated from the peaks of 18O (17.8 m a− 1 from summer 1998 to summer 1999 and 11.0 m from summer to December 1999) and those of D-excess (14.7 m a− 1 from fall 1998 to fall 1999 and 8.6 m a− 1 from fall to December 1999). These values are much higher than those obtained by past ice core studies in Patagonia, but are of the same order of magnitude as those predicted from various observations at ablation areas of Patagonian glaciers. 相似文献
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Masahide Tominaga 《Journal of Oceanography》1970,26(5):267-270
Observations of temperature fluctuations and simultaneous observations of temperature and salinity fluctuations conducted
in the sea are carefully analyzed on the theoretical basis developed in Part I. Observed remarkable fluctuations of about
10 minutes period are considered to agree with the unstable oscillations obtained from the theory. Actual oscillations observed
in the sea are regarded to have small wave length such that they satisfy the condition (F) described in the Section 1 of Part
I. 相似文献
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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expeditions 304/305 recovered a total of 1.4 km sequence of lower crustal gabbroic and minor ultramafic rocks from the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex on the western flank of the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 30°N. We conducted an integrated paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study on this sequence to help address the interplay between magmatism and detachment faulting. Detailed thermal and alternating-field demagnetization results demonstrate that stable components of magnetization of mainly reversed polarity with unblocking temperatures below the Curie temperature of magnetite are retained in gabbroic rocks at IODP Site U1309. Several samples also contain multicomponent remanences of both normal and reversed polarities that were acquired over sharply defined blocking temperature intervals, providing evidence for localized reheating of some intervals during both normal and reversed polarity periods. Results from a series of rock magnetic measurements corroborate the demagnetization behavior and show that titanomagnetites are the main magnetic carrier rocks recovered at Site U1309D. The overall magnetic inclination of Hole U1309D is -35°, implying significant (up to ~ 50° counterclockwise, viewed to the north) rotation of the footwall around a horizontal axis parallel to the rift axis (010°) may have occurred. The tectonic rotations inferred by the paleomagnetic data suggest that the original fault orientation dipped relative steeply toward the spreading axis and subsequently rotated to a shallower angle. Coupled with the newly published U–Pb zircon ages for Hole U1309D rocks [Grimes, C.B., John, B.E., Wooden, J.L., 2008. Protracted construction of gabbroic crust at a slow-spreading ridge: Constraints from 206Pb/238U zircon ages from Atlantis Massif and IODP Hole 1309D, (30°N, MAR). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q08012. doi:1029/2008GC002063], the new paleomagnetic data provide temporal and thermal constraints on the accretion history of the Atlantis Massif. 相似文献
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利用2007-2010年夏季在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川采集的5个冰样, 对冰样中冰尘的特征、冰尘中蓝藻的种类及冰尘中无机矿物颗粒的粒度特征进行了分析研究. 研究表明: 冰尘为棕色球状聚合体, 粒径为0.27~3.5 mm, 分布在冰川消融区表面, 其组成成分为有机质、无机矿物颗粒和微生物. 冰尘有4种主要的内部结构: 类型Ⅰ, 具有同心层结构的冰尘;类型Ⅱ, 带有亚颗粒的冰尘;类型Ⅲ, 内部无明显结构的冰尘;类型Ⅳ, 中心位置处具有较大无机颗粒的冰尘. 冰尘中无机矿物颗粒的数量主要分布在d<3.5 μm的范围内, 且体积分布的粒径众数介于3~25 μm之间. 同时, 对冰尘中的蓝藻进行了16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析, 共从蓝藻16S rRNA基因文库中筛选了247个阳性克隆, RFLP分型得到10个不同的OTUs. BLAST比对, 系统发育分析将这10个OTUs归为颤藻目(Oscillatoriales)、色球藻目(Chroococcales)、未定种(Unclassified). 颤藻目为绝对优势类群, 占整个基因克隆文库的91%. 经估算, 冰尘中存在大量的有机物质和微生物, 无机矿物颗粒只占了很小的比例, 表明影响冰川消融区表面反照率的主要因素为冰尘中的有机部分, 包括有机物质和微生物. 相似文献