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To be considered for listing as a World Heritage site, properties must meet the conditions of “integrity” and/or “authenticity” and be of “outstanding universal value.” Identifying and maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural heritage sites are challenging goals, however. The concepts are difficult to define and are open to different interpretations in different cultural settings. Additionally, the diversity of sites and wide variety of influences on them require individualized approaches to preservation in many cases. Nonetheless, authenticity and integrity are useful guiding concepts in striving for a systematic approach to preservation in diverse contexts. In this article we discuss preservation approaches that are appropriate at a range of sites, paying particular attention to the tensions that arise when balancing the need to maintain authenticity and integrity with the needs of the people who live in or visit these sites. 相似文献
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STEVE W. LYON ELIN J. JANTZE HELEN E. DAHLKE FERNANDO JARAMILLO MATTIAS WINTERDAHL 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(3):237-245
In this short communication, we report on dissolved organic and inorganic carbon concentrations from a summer stream monitoring campaign at the main hydrological catchment of the Tarfala Research Station in northern Sweden. Further, we place these unique high‐alpine observations in the context of a relevant subset of Sweden's national monitoring programme. Our analysis shows that while the monitoring programme (at least for total organic carbon) may have relatively good representativeness across a range of forest coverages, alpine/tundra environments are potentially underrepresented. As for dissolved inorganic carbon, there is currently no national monitoring in Sweden. Since the selection of stream water monitoring locations and monitored constituents at the national scale can be motivated by any number of goals (or limitations), monitoring at the Tarfala Research Station along with other research catchment sites across Fennoscandia becomes increasingly important and can offer potential complementary data necessary for improving process understanding. Research catchment sites (typically not included in national monitoring programmes) can help cover small‐scale landscape features and thus complement national monitoring thereby improving the ability to capture hot spots and hot moments of biogeochemical export. This provides a valuable baseline of current conditions in high‐alpine environments against which to gauge future changes in response to potential climatic and land cover shifts. 相似文献
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Re-interpretation of Cyrtina septosa Band (Lower Carboniferous) data from Derbyshire (England) by trend analysis reveals previously unrecognised but meaningful sedimentational patterns. Trends in geographic variation of number of shells; their disarticulation, orientation, and size; and thickness of the Band are judged to be indicative of water depth and turbulence, conditions of accumulation, and source. 相似文献
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DANIEL H. HOROWITZ 《Sedimentology》1982,29(2):155-180
Large-scale deformational features that disrupt the cross-bedded strata of some ancient wind-blown dune sand deposits (Jurassic Aztec and Navajo Sandstones, U.S.A.) can betraced laterally for at least tens of metres. Information from four exposures leads to an idealized deformation style characterized by (1) a ‘head’ portion marked by collapse features, (2) a middle portion marked by a thrust ramp or a large recumbent fold, and (3) a ‘toe’ portion marked by a planar shear zone with small recumbent folds, drag folds, and possibly small horizontal shear faults. An hypothesis involving earthquake-induced liquefaction and collapse of the dunes is proposed. Sands liquefied during earthquakes cannot support an unequal surface load, resulting in the collapse of surface dunes above the liquefied substrate. Compensatory lateral squeezing of liquefied sand and buried strata produces the shear zone in the ‘toe’ portion. Engineering studies suggest that buried strata underlying interdunal lows, where over-burden stress is least, will be most susceptible to liquefaction. Other considerations suggest that it will be the steeper lee sides of advancing surface dunes that collapse, squeezing liquefied sand forward or downwind, i.e. away from the lee slope of surface dunes. If the liquefied condition persists, load structures can be formed when unliquefied layers founder into the liquefied substrate. 相似文献
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Regression Modelling of Metamorphic Reactions in Metapelites, Snow Peak, Northern Idaho 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
The second of two periods of regional metamorphism that affectedpelitic rocks near Snow Peak caused complete re-equilibrationof mineral assemblages and resulted in a consistent set of metamorphicisograds. Metamorphic chlorite and biotite occur in the lowestgrade rocks. With increasing grade, garnet, staurolite, andkyanite join the assemblage, resulting in a transition zonecontaining all the above phases. At higher grade, chlorite,and finally staurolite disappear. Mass balance relations at isograds and among minerals of low-varianceassemblages have been modelled by a non-linear least-squaresregression technique. The progressive sequence can be describedin terms of schematic T-XH2O relations among chlorite, biotite,garnet, staurolite, and kyanite at Ptotal above the KFMASH invariantpoint involving those phases. The first appearance of garnetwas the result of an Fe-Mg-Mn continuous reaction. As temperaturerose, the garnet zone assemblage encountered the stauroliteisograd reaction, approximated by the model reaction: 3?0 chlorite + 1?5 garnet + 3?3 muscovite + 05 ilmenite = 1?0staurolite + 3?1 biotite + 1?5 plagioclase + 3?3 quartz + 10?3H2O. The staurolite zone corresponds to buffering along this reactionto the intersection where chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite,and kyanite coexist. The transition zone assemblage formed byreaction at this T–X H2O intersection which migrates towardmore H2O-rich fluid composition with progressive reaction. Thenet reaction at the intersection is approximated by the transitionzone reaction: 1?0 chlorite +1?1 muscovite + 0?2 ilmenite = 2?7 kyanite + 1?0biotite + 0?4 albite + 4?2 H2O. Chlorite was commonly the first phase to have been exhaustedand the remaining assemblage was buffered along a staurolite-outreaction, represented by the model reaction: 1?0 staurolite + 3?4 quartz + 0?4 anorthite + 1?4 garnet + 0?1ilmenite + 7?9 kyanite + 2?0 H2O. Consumption of staurolite by this reaction resulted in the highestgrade assemblage, which contains kyanite, garnet, biotite, muscovite,quartz, plagioclase, ilmenite, and graphite. 相似文献
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HELEN LEFKOWITZ HOROWITZ 《Geographical review》1998,88(4):465-473
ABSTRACT. Understanding what the American landscape meant to J. B. Jackson requires an exploration of his background, education, and antagonism to the International Style. No full critique of modernism appears in Jackson's mature published work. However, knowledge that the first issues of Landscape magazine in 1951 and 1952 were the work of a single author leads to discovery of Jackson's pseudonyms, especially H. G. West, P. G. Anson, G. A. Feather, and A. W. Conway. This article examines Jackson's pseudonymous writings and links them to his well-known essays on the landscape: “The Westward-Moving House,” “Other-Directed Houses,” and “Southeast to Turkey.” 相似文献