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A short summary of recent progress in measuring and understanding turbulence during magnetic reconnection in laboratory plasmas
is given. Magnetic reconnection is considered as a primary process to dissipate magnetic energy in laboratory and astrophysical
plasmas. A central question concerns why the observed reconnection rates are much faster than predictions made by classical
theories, such as the Sweet–Parker model based on MHD with classical Spitzer resistivity. Often, the local resistivity is
conjectured to be enhanced by turbulence to accelerate reconnection rates either in the context of the Sweet–Parker model
or by facilitating setup of the Pestchek model. Measurements at a dedicated laboratory experiment, called MRX or Magnetic
Reconnection Experiment, have indicated existence of strong electromagnetic turbulence in current sheets undergoing fast reconnection.
The origin of the turbulence has been identified as right-hand polarized whistler waves, propagating obliquely to the reconnecting
field, with a phase velocity comparable to the relative drift velocity. These waves are consistent with an obliquely propagating
electromagnetic lower-hybrid drift instability driven by drift speeds large compared to the Alfven speed in high-beta plasmas.
Interestingly, this instability may explain electromagnetic turbulence also observed in collisionless shocks, which are common
in energetic astrophysical phenomena. 相似文献
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The term 'dynamo' means different things to the laboratory fusion plasma and astrophysical plasma communities. To alleviate the resulting confusion and to facilitate interdisciplinary progress, we pinpoint conceptual differences and similarities between laboratory plasma dynamos and astrophysical dynamos. We can divide dynamos into three types: 1. magnetically dominated helical dynamos which sustain a large-scale magnetic field against resistive decay and drive the magnetic geometry towards the lowest energy state, 2. flow-driven helical dynamos which amplify or sustain large-scale magnetic fields in an otherwise turbulent flow and 3. flow-driven non-helical dynamos which amplify fields on scales at or below the driving turbulence. We discuss how all three types occur in astrophysics whereas plasma confinement device dynamos are of the first type. Type 3 dynamos require no magnetic or kinetic helicity of any kind. Focusing on Types 1 and 2 dynamos, we show how different limits of a unified set of equations for magnetic helicity evolution reveal both types. We explicitly describe a steady-state example of a Type 1 dynamo, and three examples of Type 2 dynamos: (i) closed volume and time dependent; (ii) steady state with open boundaries; (iii) time dependent with open boundaries. 相似文献
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Discrete element method (DEM) has become a preeminent numerical tool for investigating the mechanical behavior of granular soils. However, traditional DEM uses sphere clusters to approximate realistic particles, which is computationally demanding when simulating many particles. This paper demonstrates the potential of using a physics engine technique to simulate realistic particles. The physics engines are originally developed for video games for simulating physical and mechanical processes that occur in the real world to produce realistic game experiences. The simulation accuracy and efficiency of physics engines have been significantly improved in the last two decades allowing them to be used as a scientific tool in many disciplines. This paper introduces modeling methodologies of physics engine including realistic particle representation and the contact model. Then, oedometer tests are simulated using realistic particles scanned by X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). The simulation results agree well with experimental results. This paper demonstrates that physics engines can output contact parameters for geotechnical analysis and force chains for visualization. 相似文献
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Analysis on genetic diversity of mangrove species of Sonneratia and relationship to plant introduction 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
INmprvMangroves, the intertida1 ecosysterns occurring primariIy in the tropicaI and subtropical re-gbo amind the world, are valuable natural resoutces with high preductivity and unique wet-land habitat. These plants, which are either bushy shrubs or small-tcrlarge tou with me as-axiated herbacoous species, are of great significance because of their potential in protectingcoastlines by preventing sea water inundation; purging the environmental polution; and main-taining coasta1 ecolOgical bala… 相似文献
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Study on genetic diversity and resource conservation of amphioxus (Branchiostoma balcheri Gray) population 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
1 Introduction Branchiostom a belcheri G ray (am phioxus) is aprecious m arine species listed in the nationalprotectedanim als ofsecond class (H uang etal., 1999). Itbe-longs to the subphylum cephalochordata ofthe phylumvertebrata. A m phioxus is the ancestor of vertebrates5×108 a ago, and is a typical transitionalsam ple ofevolution from invertebrates to vertebrates. The re-search of am phioxus,therefore,is ofgreatim portanceboth for anim al taxonom y and organic evolution(N ozakiand G or… 相似文献
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Cloning and Structural Analysis of Calmodulin Gene from the Mangrove Plant Sonneratia Paracaseolaris
Xiong Lingyuan Lin Tao ZHOU Hantao Xu jinsen Ge Yunsheng Chen Muchuan Chen Liang 《海洋通报(英文版)》2002,4(2)
Calmodulin is a calcium binding protein that modulates the activity of diverse groups of protein including some protein kinase, adenylate cyclases and ATPase. Here we use the total DNA of Sonneratiaparacaseolaris as the template ofthe polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR primers have been designed and synthesized according to the 5-and 3-terminal oligonucleotide sequences of Calmodulin gene of plants in Genbank and ligated with cloning vector pBsk( ).The recombinant clones have been obtained from the selected medium. The results of DNA sequences analysis show that the nucleotide sequences of ORF share more than 85% homologies as compared with those ofcalmodulin genes of several other plants. Similar to rice and apple, the ORF is interrupted by an intron behind the 75th nucleotide. 相似文献
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