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We quantify the level of polarization of the atmosphere due to Zeeman splitting of oxygen in the Earth’s magnetic field and compare it to the level of polarization expected from the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The analysis focuses on the effect at mid-latitudes and at large angular scales. We find that from stratospheric balloon borne platforms and for observations near 100 GHz the atmospheric linear and circular polarized intensities are about 10−12 and 100 × 10−9 K, respectively, making the atmosphere a negligible source of foreground. From the ground the linear and circular polarized intensities are about 10−9 and 100 × 10−6 K, making the atmosphere a potential source of foreground for the CMB E (B) mode signal if there is even a 1% (0.01%) conversion of circular to linear polarization in the instrument. 相似文献
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For the activities of the mining industry land, equipment, material, and energy are used. During operation material and energy flows such as overburden, dead rock, tailings, wastewater, exhaust air, dust, energy, abrasion, coolant and lubricant losses, are released. These released material and energy flows are nearly always without value for the raw material supply chain as they are not production targets. Instead, they have negative effects on the economy and ecology and are, therefore, referred to as ‘non-intended’. The knowledge of the quantities and qualities of these non-intended outputs as a function of the processes and their parameters is the basis for technical and economical measures. A methodology for the acquisition and assessment of the material and energy flows in the mining industry was developed and tested at the Technical University Berlin, Germany. For that purpose and based on a system analysis in different mines, all relevant material and energy flows were assigned to individual processes. Causal relationships, possible interactions, quantities, and qualities were examined as functions of system parameters. Finally, a technical and economic evaluation was performed. 相似文献
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Effects of dietary exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide esfenvalerate on medaka (Oryzias latipes) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Werner I Geist J Okihiro M Rosenkranz P Hinton DE 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):609-614
The pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate is widely used on orchard crops throughout California. In the aquatic environment, this compound is likely to accumulate in sediments, food particles and benthic organisms due to its lipophilicity and environmental persistence. This pilot project tested the hypothesis that esfenvalerate is toxic to medaka (Oryzias latipes) when taken up with the diet. For 7 days fish were fed diets, which contained esfenvalerate in three different concentrations (4, 21, 148 mg/kg, measured). Endpoints measured were mortality, fecundity, fertilization and hatching success of embryos, viability of larvae and cellular stress protein (hsp60, hsp70, hsp90) levels. The toxicity of aqueous exposure of medaka to esfenvalerate was also determined. Whereas the 96-h LC50 in the aqueous exposure was <9.4 microg/l, the dietary exposure did not cause mortality. Possible effects of dietary esfenvalerate were seen on fertilization and hatching success and the number of non-viable larvae. Expression of hsp60 and hsp90 showed a dose-dependent response pattern. 相似文献
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Guntoro Pratama Istiadi Ghorbani Yousef Butcher Alan R. Kuva Jukka Rosenkranz Jan 《Natural Resources Research》2020,29(6):3567-3567
Natural Resources Research - The original version of the article unfortunately contained an error in Table 9. In article PDF, Table 7 was inadvertently repeated in place of... 相似文献
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A linear instantaneous velocity model is used to describe the velocity variations in an uplifted unit that has been partly decompacted as a result of the reduction in overburden that often accompanies uplift. The model results in a series of equations for deriving values for the function parameters in the velocity–depth and the time– depth domains and for carrying out time‐to‐depth conversions. The formulation uses the base of the unit as a reference level to generate the reference datum from a combination of the depth of the base of the unit and a parameter that represents the decompaction factor. 相似文献
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