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The Aqaba subnetwork of five vertical short-period stations of the seismological observatory of King Saud University was installed in late 1986 along the eastern side of the Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea. During the first six years (1986 August to 1992 July) of the subnetwork operation, 400 microearthquakes were detected. Of these, 93 events were recorded by most of the subnet stations and were located. Their epicentres lie in the northern part of the Red Sea between latitudes 25.5 N and 27.5 N and longitudes 33.5 E and 36 E along the axial depression of the Red Sea where the large intrusions (deeps) are located. Magnitudes of the locatable events ranged from 2.1 to 4.8. Two intensive swarms of about 200 microearthquakes occurred in February and June of 1992. The February swarm is the first intensive sequence observed in the surveying area since the establishment of the KSU network. Frequency-magnitude analysis of the recorded events for the period 1986-1992 yielded 3.543 for a and 0.658 for b . These relatively higher b values (0.658) are a good indication of the crustal heterogeneity under the spreading zone of the northern Red Sea. USGS and KSU data together show 3.41 for a and 0.49 for b . This study, together with historical data, confirms that the area is very seismically active and that the activity is mainly of swarm type, and may be attributed to the subsurface magmatic activity and spreading centres that are usually associated with strike-slip and normal faulting, respectively. 相似文献
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Watershed morphometric analysis of Wadi Baish Dam catchment area using integrated GIS-based approach
The integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) constitutes a powerful tool for the evaluation of watershed morphometric parameters. The benefits of this integration include saving time and effort as well as improving the accuracy of the analysis. Moreover, this technique is appropriate for describing the watershed and its streams. In this study, a detailed morphometric analysis of the Wadi Baish catchment area has been performed using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The performed morphometric analysis includes linear, areal, and relief aspects. The results of the morphometric analysis reveal that the catchment can be described as of eighth stream order and consists of an area of 4741.07 km2. Additionally, the basin is characterized by a relatively high mean value of bifurcation (4.012), indicative of the scarcity of permeable rocks with high slope in the area. This value of bifurcation ratio is consistent with the high drainage density value of 2.064 km/km2 and confirms the impermeability of the subsurface material and mountainous relief. The hypsometric integral of the catchment is 47.4%, and the erosion integral of the catchment is 52.6%, both were indications of a mature catchment area. 相似文献
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X-ray diffractometer analysis and SEM investigation confirmed the occurrence of jarosite and alunogen minerals in the Quaternary siliciclastic sabkha sediments of northern Kuwait within the Bahrah oilfield area, Arabian Gulf. Jarosite is relatively abundant in a near-surface whitish sticky tidal muddy sand layer about 60 cm thick that overlies the ferruginous sandstone of the Oligo-Miocene Ghar Formation. Jarosite occurs as clusters of euhedral pseudo-cubes of about 1 μm in size and as agglomerated nanoglobules of 250 nm in size. A hypogenetic origin related to the reaction of sulfuric acid produced by the oxidation of H2S associated with hydrocarbon gas seepages with K and Fe leachates is suggested. The restricted occurrence of jarosite within near-surface sabkha sediments may be attributed to limited tidal inundation and prevalence of arid climatic conditions. 相似文献
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Corey A Cohn Christopher E Pedigo Shavonne N Hylton Sanford R Simon Martin AA Schoonen 《Geochemical transactions》2009,10(1):8-9
Background
Given the importance of highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) as reactants in a wide range of biological, photochemical, and environmental systems there is an interest in detection and quantification of these species. The extreme reactivity of the hROS, which includes hydroxyl radicals, presents an analytical challenge. 3'-(p-Aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) is a relatively new probe used for measuring hROS. Here, we further evaluate the use of APF as a method for the detection of hydroxyl radicals in particle suspensions. 相似文献6.
Alexander Smirnov Douglas Hausner Richard Laffers Daniel R Strongin Martin AA Schoonen 《Geochemical transactions》2008,9(1):1-20
Experiments with dinitrogen-, nitrite-, nitrate-containing solutions were conducted without headspace in Ti reactors (200°C), borosilicate septum bottles (70°C) and HDPE tubes (22°C) in the presence of Fe and Ni metal, awaruite (Ni80Fe20) and tetrataenite (Ni50Fe50). In general, metals used in this investigation were more reactive than alloys toward all investigated nitrogen species. Nitrite and nitrate were converted to ammonium more rapidly than dinitrogen, and the reduction process had a strong temperature dependence. We concluded from our experimental observations that Hadean submarine hydrothermal systems could have supplied significant quantities of ammonium for reactions that are generally associated with prebiotic synthesis, especially in localized environments. Several natural meteorites (octahedrites) were found to contain up to 22 ppm Ntot. While the oxidation state of N in the octahedrites was not determined, XPS analysis of metals and alloys used in the study shows that N is likely present as nitride (N3-). This observation may have implications toward the Hadean environment, since, terrestrial (e.g., oceanic) ammonium production may have been supplemented by reduced nitrogen delivered by metal-rich meteorites. This notion is based on the fact that nitrogen dissolves into metallic melts. 相似文献
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Corey A Cohn Shawn C Fisher Bruce J Brownawell Martin AA Schoonen 《Geochemical transactions》2010,11(1):2
Cellular exposure to particulate matter with concomitant formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidization of biomolecules
may lead to negative health outcomes. Evaluating the particle-induced formation of ROS and the oxidation products from reaction
of ROS with biomolecules is useful for gaining a mechanistic understanding of particle-induced oxidative stress. Aqueous suspensions
of pyrite particles have been shown to form hydroxyl radicals and degrade nucleic acids. Reactions between pyrite-induced
hydroxyl radicals and nucleic acid bases, however, remain to be determined. Here, we compared the oxidation of adenine by
Fenton-generated (i.e., ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide) hydroxyl radicals to adenine oxidation by hydroxyl radicals generated
in pyrite aqueous suspensions. Results show that adenine oxidizes in the presence of pyrite (without the addition of hydrogen
peroxide) and that the rate of oxidation is dependent on the pyrite loading. Adenine oxidation was prevented by addition of
either catalase or ethanol to the pyrite/adenine suspensions, which implies that hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are
causing the adenine oxidation. The adenine oxidation products, 8-oxoadenine and 2-hydroxyadenine, were the same whether hydroxyl
radicals were generated by Fenton or pyrite-initiated reactions. Although nucleic acid bases are unlikely to be directly exposed
to pyrite particles, the formation of ROS in the vicinity of cells may lead to oxidative stress. 相似文献
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Xiang?Zhang Michael?J?Borda Martin?AA?Schoonen Daniel?R?StronginEmail author 《Geochemical transactions》2003,4(1):8
The effect of a diacetylene-containing phospholipid on the oxidation of pyrite, FeS2, was investigated. Earlier work reported by our research group showed that the adsorption of l,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine on pyrite suppressed the extent of its oxidation by about 75% over a specific time period. Results
presented here show that the pre-exposure to UV radiation of this lipid after sorption onto pyrite results in a 90% suppression.
Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests that the UV irradiation of the
lipid does not result in degradation of the adsorbed layer. It is believed that the UV exposure results in the cross-linking
and polymerization of the adsorbed phospholipid into a relatively impermeable barrier that separates the pyrite from the aqueous
phase. The results of this study might have implications for the protection of pyrite from oxidation in the environment. 相似文献
9.
Greg?K?Druschel Martin?AA?SchoonenEmail author D?Kirk?Nordstrom James?W?Ball Yong?Xu Corey?A?Cohn 《Geochemical transactions》2003,4(1):12
A sampling protocol for the retention, extraction, and analysis of sulfoxyanions in hydrothermal waters has been developed
in the laboratory and tested at Yellowstone National Park and Green Lake, NY. Initial laboratory testing of the anion-exchange
resin Bio-Rad™ AG1-X8 indicated that the resin was well suited for the sampling, preservation, and extraction of sulfate and
thiosulfate. Synthetic solutions containing sulfate and thiosulfate were passed through AG1-X8 resin columns and eluted with
1 and 3 M KCl, respectively. Recovery ranged from 89 to 100%. Comparison of results for water samples collected from five
pools in Yellowstone National Park between on-site IC analysis (U.S. Geological Survey mobile lab) and IC analysis of resin-stored
sample at SUNY-Stony Brook indicates 96 to 100% agreement for three pools (Cinder, Cistern, and an unnamed pool near Cistern)
and 76 and 63% agreement for two pools (Sulfur Dust and Frying Pan). Attempts to extract polythionates from the AG1-X8 resin
were made using HCl solutions, but were unsuccessful. Bio-Rad™ AG2-X8, an anion-exchange resin with weaker binding sites than
the AG1-X8 resin, is better suited for polythionate extraction. Sulfate and thiosulfate extraction with this resin has been
accomplished with KCl solutions of 0.1 and 0.5 M, respectively. Trithionate and tetrathionate can be extracted with 4 M KCl.
Higher polythionates can be extracted with 9 M hydrochloric acid. Polythionate concentrations can then be determined directly
using ion chromatographic methods, and laboratory results indicate recovery of up to 90% for synthetic polythionate solutions
using AG2-X8 resin columns. 相似文献
10.
Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting plate 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Michael J. Mottl C. Geoffrey Wheat Jim Gharib 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(23):4915-4933
Cold springs upwelling through large serpentinite mud volcanoes in the outer half of the Mariana forearc provide a unique window into processes of devolatilization of the subducting Pacific Plate. We have sampled upwelling pore waters with lower chlorinity than seawater from six sites on five serpentinite mud volcanoes, by conventional gravity and piston coring, by push coring from the ROV Jason, by drilling on ODP Legs 125 and 195, and by manned submersible. The sites range from 13°47′N to 19°33′N and 52 to 90 km from the Mariana trench axis, corresponding to approximate depths to the top of the downgoing plate of 16 to 29 km. The composition of the springs varies systematically over this distance: nearer the trench the upwelling waters have much higher Ca and Sr than seawater and much lower carbonate alkalinity, sulfate, Na/Cl, K, Rb, and B. Farther from the trench the waters show the opposite trends relative to seawater. Chlorinity is consistently lower than in seawater and shows large variations that are not systematic with distance from the trench. Cs is consistently higher than in seawater and increases with distance from the trench. All of the waters have high pH and are heavily depleted in Mg, Si, Li, F, and 87Sr/86Sr relative to seawater. They tend to be enriched in O18/O16. Except for ODP drilling, none of the cores was long enough to produce an asymptotic compositional trend with depth. We have inferred the end-member compositions of the upwelling waters by extrapolation against Mg. At two sites we were able to compare data from gravity cores with data from drill cores or push cores collected at springs to estimate the effects of reactions that occur at shallow depth below the seafloor, on mixing of the upwelling waters with seawater. These effects are different for sites high in dissolved Ca, nearer the trench, vs. those high in alkalinity, farther from the trench. Common to both are large losses from solution of 1) Ca, as CaCO3 and in exchange for Na; 2) Mg, in exchange for Na or Ca and as brucite; 3) sulfate, probably reduced by microbes or possibly precipitated as gypsum; 4) Sr, Ba, Si, and F. Na is consistently leached from the solids into solution, whereas K and O18/O16 are relatively unreactive.We infer that the upwelling waters are uniformly saturated with CaCO3 and that the excess H2O and the trends in Ca, Sr, alkalinity, and sulfate with distance from the trench result from introduction of H2O and dissolved carbonate and sulfate from an external source, the sediment and altered basalt at the top of the subducting plate. The concurrent trends in Na/Cl, B, Cs, and especially K and Rb indicate that these species originate from the top of the subducting plate in response to increasing temperature. These systematic variations across the outer forearc imply that the solutions ascend more or less vertically from the source region and do not travel long distances laterally along the décollement before ascending. Based on leaching of K, the 150°C isotherm is crossed approximately beneath Big Blue Seamount at a depth of ∼22 km below the seafloor, 70 km behind the trench. By this point it appears that carbonate dissolution has joined dehydration as a significant process at the top of the subducting plate. 相似文献