Neoliberalism and natural resource management: Agri-environmental standards and the governing of farming practices   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Vaughan Higgins  Jacqui Dibden  Chris Cocklin 《Geoforum》2008,39(5):1776-1785

Private standards and certification schemes are widely acknowledged as playing an increasingly important role in agri-environmental governance. While much of the existing research concludes that these mechanisms consolidate the global extension of neoliberalism – enhancing the power of corporate actors to the detriment of smaller producers – we argue that this overlooks the complex ways in which standards are used by governments and farmers in the governing of farming practices. Focusing specifically on a process standard – Environmental Management Systems (EMS) – promoted by the Australian government as a way of verifying the ‘clean and green’ status of agricultural exports, we examine how one regional group of producers has sought to use EMS standards in practice. Our analysis of a case study in the state of Victoria appears to confirm that EMS was a successful instrument for the extension of neoliberal governance, reinforcing the production of neoliberal subjectivities and practices amongst farmer participants and enabling the government to compensate for gaps in environmental provision. However, it would be a mistake to interpret the development of this EMS scheme as an example of naïve farmers manipulated by the state. In practice, farmers used the opportunities provided by government funding to undertake actions which expressed their own agri-environmental values and practices. Establishment of an EMS and associated eco-label enabled producers to demonstrate and extend their capacity to act as good environmental stewards. Our research highlights how the local application of environmental standards negotiates and shapes, rather than simply contributes to, neoliberal rule.  相似文献   

Multiple timescale constraints for high-flux magma chamber assembly prior to the Late Bronze Age eruption of Santorini (Greece)     

T.?Flaherty  T.?H.?DruittEmail author  H.?Tuffen  M.?D.?Higgins  F.?Costa  A.?Cadoux 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2018,173(9):75

The rhyodacitic magma discharged during the 30–80 km³ DRE (dense rock equivalent) Late Bronze Age (LBA; also called ‘Minoan’) eruption of Santorini caldera is known from previous studies to have had a complex history of polybaric ascent and storage prior to eruption. We refine the timescales of these processes by modelling Mg–Fe diffusion profiles in orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene crystals. The data are integrated with previously published information on the LBA eruption (phase equilibria studies, melt inclusion volatile barometry, Mg-in-plagioclase diffusion chronometry), as well as new plagioclase crystal size distributions and the established pre-LBA history of the volcano, to reconstruct the events that led up to the assembly and discharge of the LBA magma chamber. Orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystals in the rhyodacite have compositionally distinct rims, overgrowing relict, probably source-derived, more magnesian (or calcic) cores, and record one or more crystallization (plag???opx?>?cpx) events during the few centuries to years prior to eruption. The crystallization event(s) can be explained by the rapid transfer of rhyodacitic melt from a dioritic/gabbroic region of the subcaldera pluton (mostly in the 8–12 km depth range), followed by injection, cooling and mixing in a large melt lens at 4–6 km depth (the pre-eruptive magma chamber). Since crystals from all eruptive phases yield similar timescales, the melt transfer event(s), the last of which took place less than 2 years before the eruption, must have involved most of the magma that subsequently erupted. The data are consistent with a model in which prolonged generation, storage and segregation of silicic melts were followed by gravitational instability in the subcaldera pluton, causing the rapid interconnection and amalgamation of melt-rich domains. The melts then drained to the top of the pluton, at fluxes of up to 0.1–1 km³ year^??1, where steep vertical gradients of density and rheology probably caused them to inject laterally, forming a short-lived holding chamber prior to eruption. This interpretation is consistent with growing evidence that some large silicic magma chambers are transient features on geological timescales. A similar process preceded at least one earlier caldera-forming eruption on Santorini, suggesting that it may be a general feature of this rift-hosted magmatic system.  相似文献   

Evaluating the effects of catch-and-release angling on Cape stumpnose Rhabdosargus holubi in a South African estuary     

NK Arkert  A-R Childs  MC Parkinson  AC Winkler  E Butler  S Mannheim 《African Journal of Marine Science》2018,40(3):235-244

Fisheries managers are increasingly promoting catch-and-release (C&R) to manage recreationally angled fish stocks. Despite this, there is a scarcity of information on the effects of C&R on estuarine-dependent species. Cape stumpnose Rhabdosargus holubi dominates the recreational fisheries catch and provides an important source of food for subsistence fishers in some temperate South African estuaries. The health and survival of R. holubi exposed to a C&R event was investigated by examining their physiological stress response (blood glucose and lactate), reflex impairment (reflex action mortality predictors [RAMP]) and short-term (12-hour) survival. Fish were captured and exposed to one of three air-exposure treatments: 0 s, 30 s or 90 s. Stress and health were measured either immediately (immediate) or one hour after (delayed) the C&R event. There was no significant difference in blood glucose between air-exposure treatments, but there was a significant difference between the mean immediate and delayed glucose levels within each treatment (F_(2,143) = 81.8, p < 0.01). In contrast, blood lactate level was significantly higher in the 90-s treatment (p < 0.05). Immediate blood lactate levels were significantly lower than the delayed samples for each treatment (F = 4.29, p = 0.02; n = 169). Although all fish exhibited at least one reflex impairment, the RAMP score was significantly higher in the 90-s air-exposure treatment (H_(2,86) = 9.73, p = 0.007). Also, RAMP scores were significantly lower in the delayed samples (p < 0.01). Although short-term mortality was relatively low (2.3%) for this species, it was highest in the 90-s treatment (7%). These results suggest that physiological stress is higher when R. holubi are exposed to longer periods of air exposure and that the physiological stress of fish subject to a C&R event is best measured after a delay.  相似文献   

Abundance of Boron in International Geochemical Standards by Prompt-Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis     

Michael D. Higgins 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1984,8(1):31-34

Eighteen international reference standards, mostly geochemical standards, have been analysed for boron using prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA). There is good agreement between the results for samples with high boron abundances and the few published values using PGNAA and other methods. However, correlation is poor at low boron abundances, especially in those standards with low boron/sodium ratios. Corrections for sodium interference on boron have been critically evaluated and the data corrected using two different methods.  相似文献   

Modelling sediment transport as a moving wave — The transfer and deposition of mining waste     

G. Pickup  R. J. Higgins  I. Grant 《Journal of Hydrology》1983,60(1-4):281-301

The movement of slugs of bedload from a discrete input point down a river has proved difficult to model using conventional finite-difference formulations of equations of motion. A model is proposed which makes explicit allowance for the mean sediment velocity and, through a dispersion coefficient, the distribution of sediment velocity about the mean. A second comparative model uses the normal mass conservation or sediment transport continuity approach. The models have been tested over a 43-month period using data from seven monitored cross-sections of the Kawerong River on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea, a system which receives waste from a large copper mine. The dispersion model performs considerably better than the mass-conservation model.  相似文献   

波西米亚块体西部长周期电磁研究(英文)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

V.Cerv  J.Pek 《地震地质》2001,23(2):166-177

在波西米亚块体西南部做了一条长周期电磁剖面 ,它靠近德国超深钻的位置。用一个二维合成模型对数据做了大体的拟合 ,模型走向东西 ,近地表盖层高度地不均匀畸变。畸变层显示强烈的各向异性 ,优势电导方向为NW -SE至NNW -SSE。讨论了深部区域结构的几个不同的模型 ,其中一个模型可以解释由MT和GDS数据显示的主方向的偏差 ,还讨论了沿特别剖面得到的结果与区域地电结构的关系  相似文献   

The Deutsch field gamma-ray pulsar – II. Application of the model     

M. G.Higgins  R. N.Henriksen 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,295(1):188-196

A new model for gamma-ray pulsars presented by Higgins & Henriksen is applied to the cases of the seven known gamma-ray pulsars. Those pulsars that are not presently observed in gamma-rays, but are candidates for observation by the next generation of gamma-ray telescopes, are discussed. The case of millisecond pulsars is discussed, and it is shown that these objects should radiate at detectable levels, in opposition to the predictions of other gamma-ray pulsar models.  相似文献   

Early Proterozoic isotopic ages in the East Greenland Caledonian fold belt     

A. K. Higgins  J. D. Friderichsen  D. C. Rex  A. R. Gledhill 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1978,67(1):87-94

Rb-Sr whole rock isochron ages of 1950 m.y. and 1725 m.y. obtained on rock units of the Hagar migmatite sheet indicate that it is an early Proterozoic gneiss complex and not part of a mobile Caledonian infrastructure. New isotopic ages and recent fieldwork give no support to the concept of mobile Caledonian migmatitic masses rising into the suprastructure as envisaged in the classic stockwerke model for the East Greenland Caledonian fold belt. However, K-Ar mineral ages ranging from 415–462 m.y. indicate a significant Caledonian thermal event. Relationships between the Hagar sheet and bordering metasediments are discussed, including evidence for a middle Proterozoic group of sediments metamorphosed before deposition of the late Precambrian Petermann Series and Eleonore Bay Group.  相似文献   

Estimating sediment transport in a braided gravel channel — The Kawerong River, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Pickup  R.J. Higgins 《Journal of Hydrology》1979,40(3-4):283-297

It is difficult to estimate sediment transport in braided rivers because of the complex hydraulics of rapidly changing multi-channel systems. This paper describes an algorithm for generating sets of braided-river hydraulic parameters for use with sediment transport equations. The algorithm uses random number-based simulation techniques and empirically determined probability distributions of individual hydraulic variables from the White River (U.S.A.) and the Kawerong River. A test of the suitability of the algorithm for the estimation of sediment transport was carried out over a period of two years using the Meyer-Peter and Muller equation on eight reaches of the Kawerong River in which sediment transport is known. The test produced a mean absolute error of 16.3% suggesting that the algorithm may have some potential in braided-river modelling.  相似文献   

Biostratigraphic ages of tertiary basalts on the East Greenland continental margin and their relationship to plate separation in the Northeast Atlantic     

N.J. Soper  C. Downie  A.C. Higgins  L.I. Costa 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,32(2):149-157

Palynological evidence indicates that the 4?5 × 10⁵ km³ pile of tholeiitic basalts on the central east Greenland coast was erupted in latest Palaeocene (late Landenian) and earliest Eocene (early Ypresian) time. Assignment of a precise numerical age of this interval is not yet possible, but it is evident that the eruptive episode was completed within about 3 m.y. The effusion rate was at least an order of magnitude faster than the current Icelandic rate. Marine horizons at the base and top of the pile show that its build-up was accompanied by concomitant crustal depression. It is argued that this major volcanic episode marks the initiation of plate separation between Greenland and northwest Europe. Implications with regard to spreading chronology and the magnetic polarity time scale are discussed.  相似文献