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Using a set of synthetic P‐ and S‐wave onsets, computed in a 1D medium model from sources that mimic a distribution of microseismic events induced by hydrofrac treatment to a monitoring geophone array(s), we test the possibility to invert back jointly the model and events location. We use the Neighbourhood algorithm for data inversion to account for non‐linear effects of velocity model and grid search for event location. The velocity model used is composed of homogeneous layers, derived from sonic logging. Results for the case of one and two monitoring wells are compared. These results show that the velocity model can be obtained in the case of two monitoring wells, if they have optimal relative position. The use of one monitoring well fails due to the trade‐off between the velocity model and event locations. 相似文献
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O.?NovotnyEmail author J.?Jansky V.?Plicka H.?Lyon-Caen 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2008,52(1):123-131
The western part of the Gulf of Corinth attracts attention due to its seismically active fault system and considerable seismic
hazard. Detailed studies of the seismic activity of the region have been carried out especially as part of the so-called Corinth
Rift Laboratory (CRL) Project. For standard earthquake locations, the CRL uses the HYPO algorithm and a special structural
model that is composed of homogeneous layers (Rigo et al., 1996). This model was derived from a passive seismic experiment
in a broader area around the western part of the Gulf. A significant part of the seismic activity is concentrated close to
the town of Aigion, which was damaged by a strong earthquake in 1995. A sequence of smaller earthquakes occurred to the south
of this town in the year 2001. In the present paper, we have used this sequence to derive an improved structural model for
the region in the vicinity of the town of Aigion. This new model is based on the minimization of travel-time residuals. In
particular, we used arrival times from a subset of 88 events recorded by at least 5 stations of the southern part of the CRL
network, had magnitudes of over 2.3, and were recorded at the nearest station (station code AIO). A variant of the method
of conjugate gradients has been used for this purpose. In comparison with the model derived by Rigo et al. (1996), the new
model is characterized by a higher νP/νS velocity ratio and by higher velocities to a depth of about 7 km. The new model was derived with the aim to get more accurate
locations of future events in the vicinity of the town of Aigion. 相似文献
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基于P波和S波的谱震级特征对汶川地震进行了定量研究,可以看出P波和S波的最大谱震级出现在不同的周期上。对这一现象的构造物理意义进行了讨论,推测相对于P波而言,地震发生期间辐射的S波能量来自异常大的震源体积。选择部分全球地震的谱特征为背景,对汶川地震的体波谱震级特征进行了分析,结论是汶川地震的特征与其所处的周边环境是一致的。 相似文献
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The western part of the Bohemian Massif (West Bohemia/Vogtland region) is characteristic in the relatively frequent recurrence
of intraplate earthquake swarms and in other manifestations of past-to-recent geodynamic activity. In this study we derived
1D anisotropic qP-wave model of the upper crust in the seismogenic West Bohemia/Vogtland region by means of joint inversion
of two independent data sets - travel times from controlled shots and arrival times from local earthquakes extracted from
the WEBNET seismograms. We derived also simple 1-D P-wave and S-wave isotropic models. Reasons for deriving these models were:
(a) only simplified crustal velocity models, homogeneous half-space or 1D isotropic layered models of this region, have been
derived up to now and (b) a significant effective anisotropy of the upper crust in the region which was indicated recently
by S-wave splitting. Both our anisotropic qP-wave and isotropic P-and S-wave velocity models are constrained by four layers
with the constant velocity gradient. Weak anisotropy for P-waves is assumed. The isotropic model is represented by 9 parameters
and the anisotropic one is represented by 24 parameters. A new robust and effective optimization algorithm - isometric algorithm
- was used for the joint inversion. A two-step inversion algorithm was used. During the first step the isotropic P- and S-wave
velocity model was derived. In the second step, it was used as a background model and the parameters of anisotropy were sought.
Our 1D models are adequate for the upper crust in the West Bohemia/Vogtland swarm region up to a depth of 15 km. The qP-wave
velocity model shows 5% anisotropy, the minimum velocity in the horizontal direction corresponds to an azimuth of 170°. The
isotropic model indicates the VP/VS ratio variation with depth. The difference between the hypocentre locations based on the derived isotropic and anisotropic
models was found to be several hundreds of meters. 相似文献
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The contribution discusses the problems with modelling design floods for water structures. The statistical extrapolations of observed flood series of, for example, 80 years “only” to the annual exceedance probability AEP = 0.01 is difficult due to the large variability in extreme values. For large dams, however, the AEP = 0.001 or 0.0001 is required. Most of the uncertainties in hydrological modelling are epistemic (uncertainties in model structure, model parameters, inputs, calibration data, and in measurements) and moreover some measurements can be disinformative. With powerful computers, it is now possible to produce very long series (100 to100,000 years in hourly time step) using precipitation and temperatures computed with a weather model. Within the framework of the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) many (thousands) of such continuous simulations are produced and compared to the observed historical data. According to Keith Beven's Manifesto for the equifinality thesis the differences between modelled and observed values should not be larger than some limits of acceptability based on what is known about errors in the input and output observations used for model evaluation (e.g., for flow the current metering data are used). The unacceptable realisations are rejected. We have been working with the frequency version of TOPMODEL in various versions according to the unique characteristics of each catchment. Design hydrographs for water structures are then extracted from the acceptable realisations. The continuous simulation with uncertainty estimation seems nowadays the most promising method of computing design hydrographs for important water structures, even if issues associated with epistemic uncertainty of model assumptions remain. 相似文献
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Jaromír Jansky Old?ich Novotny Vladimír Plicka Ji?í Zahradník Efthimios Sokos 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2012,56(2):553-566
Selected problems related to accurate hypocenter locations are discussed in the difficult case that only reliable P-wave readings are available. Near stations are usually only few, and often have a poor azimuthal coverage. As such, they are insufficient because the inversion is highly ill-posed, and the epicenter position strongly trades-off with depth. Thus more distant stations are also needed to obtain the correct epicenter. However, joint use of near and distant stations present another difficulty; it may yield a significantly incorrect depth estimate in case that the crustal model is not fully appropriate. In practice, the erroneous depth often remains unrecognized. An indication of the depth problem can be obtained by analyzing the travel-time residuals at individual stations. It is also useful to check fully independent depth estimates, for example those from the centroid-moment-tensor analysis. If the problematic crustal model is detected, and it is not easy to find a better one, the near- and distant station effects should be decoupled (a two-step location): the epicenter is calculated from all stations, kept fixed, and the source depth is grid-search beneath the epicenter by means of the near stations. The ideas are applied to the Mw 5.2 Efpalio (Western Greece) earthquake of January 18, 2010, and the following aftershock sequence. 相似文献
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Summary The influence of the source depth and of the subduction slab dip on the ratio of the short-period pPKP and PKP wave amplitudes is calculated and discussed, for the case of earthquakes generated in the SW-Pacific Ocean and recorded at the seismological stations in Central Europe. The Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) and double-couple radiation pattern were used in the calculations. It is shown that for the chosen values of dip, source depths and range of distances the ratio can change from about 0.2 to about 1.0, i.e. five times. 相似文献
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Peter Maas Rudolf Ondrasik Libor Jansky 《山地科学学报》2005,2(3):202-210
The Western Carpathians are located out of world main natural hazardous zones. Human casualties are related more to snow avalanches in connection with mountain hiking, some individuals yearly by flooding and rarely by forest fires. Economic lost about 0.1 to 0.2 %, exceptionally up to 0.8 % of the gross domestic product （GDP） proportionally to the Carpathian regions of particular countries. Natural disasters are linked, except of the above mentioned events, to infrequent small and medium scale earthquakes, landslides, and erosion. Records of the most harmful natural events are found in archives since the 16^th century. Their systematic study and factor analysis started from the end of the 19^th century, and protective measures and organization of impact mitigation developed during the 20^th century to minimize the risk. 相似文献
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