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A discussion is presented about the mechanisms that govern the spatial and seasonal variability in sand-wave height and migration speed in the 4 km wide Marsdiep tidal inlet, the Netherlands. Since 1998, current velocities and water depths have been recorded with an ADCP that is mounted under the ferry ‘Schulpengat’. In this paper, the current measurements were used to explain the sand-wave observations presented in Buijsman and Ridderinkhof [this issue. Long-term evolution of sand waves in the Marsdiep inlet. I: high-resolution observations. Continental Shelf Research, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.10.011]. Across nearly the entire inlet, the sand waves migrate in the flood direction. In the flood-dominated southern part of the inlet, the ‘measured’ (i.e. based on sand-wave shape and migration speed) and predicted bedload transport agree in direction, magnitude, and trends, whereas in the ebb-dominated northern part the predicted bedload and suspended load transport is opposite to the sand-wave migration. In the southern part, 55% of the bedload transport is due to tidal asymmetries and 45% due to residual currents. In addition to the well-known tidal asymmetries, asymmetries that arise from the interaction of M2 and its overtides with S2 and its compound tides are also important. It is hypothesised that in the northern part of the inlet the advection of suspended sand and lag effects govern the sand-wave migration. The relative importance of suspended load transport also explains why the sand waves have smaller lee-slope angles, are smaller, more rounded, and more three-dimensional in the northern half of the inlet. The sand waves in this part of the inlet feature the largest seasonal variability in height and migration speed. This seasonal variability may be attributed to the tides or a seasonal fluctuation in fall velocity. In both cases sediment transport is enhanced in winter, increasing sand-wave migration and decreasing sand-wave height. The influence of storms and estuarine circulation on the sand-wave variability is negligible. 相似文献
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Wet deposition of ammonium in Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ammonium concentration data in precipitation have been compiled to derive a concentration and deposition field for ammonium in Europe. Measurements referring to a total number of 218 measuring sites have been considered. Because of changes in the ammonium concentrations due to the use of improper sampling procedures, a correction procedure is proposed. This makes allowance for the type of sampler used, the length of the sampling period, and whether or not light-protected sample bottles are used. Dependent on the specific sampling procedure used correction factors range from 0.75 to 1.20. According to our calculations, the total wet deposition flux of ammonium in Europe in the early 1980s amounts to 2.4 Mt NH4
+y-1. However, for some parts of Europe the flux cannot be estimated very reliably because of the low number or even the absence of measuring sites. Compared to earlier estimates for around 1960, the ammonium wet deposition flux has increased by approximately 25% during the period 1960–1980. 相似文献
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Water transport at subtidal frequencies in the Marsdiep inlet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Long-term time series of subtidal water transport in the 4-km wide Marsdiep tidal inlet in the western Dutch Wadden Sea have been analysed. Velocity data were obtained between 1998 and the end of 2002 with an acoustic Doppler current profiler that was mounted under the hull of the ferry ‘Schulpengat’. Velocities were integrated over the cross-section and low-pass filtered to yield subtidal water transport. A simple analytical model of the connected Marsdiep and Vlie tidal basins was extended to include wind stress and water-level and density gradients and applied to the time series of subtidal water transport. In accordance with the observations, the model calculates a mean throughflow from the Vlie to the Marsdiep basin. The mean water transport through the Marsdiep inlet consists of an export due to tidal stresses and freshwater discharge and an import due to southwesterly winds. In contrast, the variability in the subtidal water transport is mainly governed by wind stress. In particular, southwesterly winds that blow along the main axis of the Marsdiep basin force a throughflow from the Marsdiep to the Vlie basin, whereas northwesterly winds that blow along the main axis of the Vlie basin force a smaller mean water transport in the opposite direction. The contribution of remote sea-level change to the water transport, or coastal sea-level pumping, has been found to be much smaller than the contribution of local wind stress. 相似文献
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Ocean Dynamics - In this study, we diagnose the time variability and vertical structure of the high- and low-frequency motions on the Mississippi-Alabama Shelf as observed with a bottom-mounted... 相似文献
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A unique, five-year long data set of ferry-mounted ADCP measurements in the Marsdiep inlet, the Netherlands, obtained between 1998 and 2003, is presented. A least-squares harmonic analysis was applied to the water transport, (depth-averaged) currents, and water level to study the contribution of the tides. With 144 tidal constituents, maximally 98% of the variance in the water transport and streamwise currents is explained by the tides, whereas for the stream-normal currents this is maximally 50%. The most important constituent is the semi-diurnal M2 constituent, which is modulated by the second-largest S2 constituent (about 27% of M2). Compound and overtides, such as 2MS2, 2MN2, M4, and M6, are important in the inlet. Due to interaction of M2 with its quarter-diurnal overtide M4, the tidal asymmetry in the southern two thirds of the inlet is flood dominant. The amplitudes of all non-astronomic constituents are largest during spring tides, strongly distorting the water level and velocity curves. The M2 water transport is 40° ahead in phase compared to the M2 water level, reflecting the progressive character of the tidal wave in the inlet. The currents are strongly rectilinear and they are sheared vertically and horizontally, with the highest currents at the surface above the deepest part of the inlet. During spring tides, near-surface currents can be as large as 1.8 m s− 1. Due to the relative importance of inertia compared to friction, the M2 currents near the centre (surface) lag maximal 20° (3°) in phase with the currents near the sides (bottom). The tidal-mean currents are directed into the basin in the shallower channel to the south and out of the basin in the deeper channel to the north. 相似文献
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