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1.
Analysis of high-spatial-resolution (approximately 0.8 arcsec) methane band and continuum imagery of Neptune's relatively homogeneous Equatorial Region yields significant constraints on (1) the stratospheric gaseous methane mixing ratio (fCH4,s), (2) the column abundances and optical properties of stratospheric and tropospheric hydrocarbon hazes, and (3) the wavelength-dependent single-scattering albedo of the 3-bar opaque cloud. From the center-to-limb behavior of the 7270-angstroms and 8900-angstrom sCH4 bands, the stratospheric methane mixing ratio is limited to fCH4,s < 1.7 x 10(-3), with a nominal value of fCH4,s = 3.5 x 10(-4), one to two orders of magnitude less than pre-Voyager estimates, but in agreement with a number of recent ultraviolet and thermal infrared measurements, and largely in agreement with the tropopause mixing ratio implied by Voyager temperature measurements. Upper limits to the stratospheric haze mass column abundance and 6190-angstroms and 8900-angstroms haze opacities are 0.61 microgram cm-2 and 0.075 and 0.042, respectively, with nominal values of 0.20 microgram cm-2 and 0.025 and 0.014 for the 0.2-micrometer radius particles preferred by the recent Voyager PPS analysis of Pryor et al. (1992, Icarus 99, 302-316). The tropospheric CH4 haze opacities are comparable to that found in the stratosphere, upper limits of 0.104 and 0.065 at 6190 angstroms and 8900 angstroms, respectively, with nominal values of 0.085 and 0.058. This indicates a column abundance less than 11.0 micrograms cm-2, corresponding to the methane gas content within a well-mixed 3% methane tropospheric layer only 0.1 cm thick near the 1.5-bar CH4 condensation level. Constraints on the single-scattering albedos of these hazes include (1) for the stratospheric component, 6190-angstroms and 8900-angstroms imaginary indices of refraction less than 0.047 and 0.099, respectively, with 0.000 (conservative scattering) being the nominal value at both wavelengths, and (2) CH4 haze single-scattering albedos greater than 0.85 and 0.50 at these two wavelengths, with conservative scattering again begin the preferred value. However, conservative scattering is ruled out for the opaque cloud near 3 bars marking the bottom of the visible atmosphere. Specifically, we find cloud single-scattering albedos of 0.915 +/- 0.006 at 6340 angstroms, 0.775 +/- 0.012 at 7490 angstroms, and 0.803 +/- 0.010 at 8260 angstrom. Global models utilizing a complete global spectrum confirm the red-absorbing character of the 3-bar cloud. The global-mean model has approximately 7.7 times greater stratospheric aerosol content then the Equatorial Region. An analysis of stratospheric haze precipitation rates indicates a steady-state haze production rate of 0.185-1.5 x 10(-14) g cm-2 sec-1, in agreement with recent theoretical photochemical estimates. Finally, reanalysis of the Voyager PPS 7500-angstroms phase angle data utilizing the fCH4,s value derived here confirms the Pryor et al. result of a tropospheric CH4 haze opacity of a few tenths in the 22-30 degrees S latitude region, several times that of the Equatorial Region or of the globe. The factor-of-10 reduction in fCH4,s below that assumed by Pryor et al. implies decreased gas absorption and consequently a decrease in the forward-scattering component of tropospheric aerosols. 相似文献
2.
Reports of the 13C content of marine particulate organic carbon are compiled and on the basis of GEOSECS data and temperatures, concentrations, and isotopic compositions of dissolved CO2 in the waters in which the related phytoplankton grew are estimated. In this way, the fractionation of carbon isotopes during photosynthetic fixation of CO2 is found to be significantly correlated with concentrations of dissolved CO2. Because ancient carbon isotopic fractionations have been determined from analyses of sedimentary porphyrins [Popp et al., 1989], the relationship between isotopic fractionation and concentrations of dissolved CO2 developed here can be employed to estimate concentrations of CO2 dissolved in ancient oceans and, in turn, partial pressures of CO2 in ancient atmospheres. The calculations take into account the temperature dependence of chemical and isotopic equilibria in the dissolved-inorganic-carbon system and of air-sea equilibria. Paleoenvironmental temperatures for each sample are estimated from reconstructions of paleogeography, latitudinal temperature gradients, and secular changes in low-latitude sea surface temperature. It is estimated that atmospheric partial pressures of CO2 were over 1000 micro atm 160 - 100 Ma ago, then declined to values near 300 micro atm during the next 100 Ma. Analysis of a high-resolution record of carbon isotopic fractionation at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary suggests that the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere was drawn down from values near 840 micro atm to values near 700 micro atm during the anoxic event. 相似文献
3.
福建省碱质玄武岩系列中超镁铁岩包体的特征及其生成的温度和压力 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
超镁铁岩历来普遍地引起人们的注视,尤其在当前,因为它们经常地被视为与上地幔成分有关的物质。特别是金伯利岩和碱质玄武岩系列中的超镁铁岩包体——被大多数学者较一致地认为是上地幔的岩石。众所周知,地壳的岩浆活动,变质作用和大地构造性质与地球深部的物质组分有着密切的关系。为此,很多地学工作者都在研究地幔的物质组分。对于上地幔物质组分的研究,除采用地球物理和高温高压的模拟实验方法外,更需要研究直观的上地幔标本,即是超镁铁 相似文献
4.
福建省新生代火山岩岩石化学特征及与构造地质关系的讨论 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Fujian are of Pliocene and Pleistocene ages and can be divided into three zones: the east volcanic rock zone consists mainly of tholeiite,file west zone is limburgite and the intermediate zone is transitional in character between the former two zones with a little prevalance of olivine basalt. Two rock types can be distinguished, i.e., the limburgites containing no feldspars and the basalts including olivine basalt and .tholeiitic basalt In terms of petrochemistry, the volcanic rocks can be classified as strong alkaline, alkaline and sub-alkaline suites.Most of the strong alkaline rocks are distributed in the west zone, while the alkaline is in the intermediate zone and the subalkaline occurs predominantly in the east zone.With increasing distance from the coastline, the rocks become progressively alkaline and the potassium content and K/Si ratio increase. Significant amount of mantle material, including garnet lherzolite xenoliths and pyrope xenocrysts, has been noticed in the above-mentioned volcanic rocks. The garnet lherzolite bears strong resemblance to “mantle rocks”, especially with respect to the high values of Mg and Fe. Garnets in these rocks are Cr-bearing pyrope, with pyrope component in excess of 60 percent.It is suggested that the original basaltic melt might have been resulted from partial melting of garnet lherzolite in the upper mantle and then extruded onto the surface along the ultra-deep fault in the Pacific plate. 相似文献
5.
Stone KH 《GeoJournal》1978,2(3):193-202
Conclusions This study concludes that a relatively small part of the Third World's increasing populations may be absorbed in their frontiers. Throuh the 49 locations are scattered throughout that world three characteristics are emphasized: 1) these are the principal regions where studies of population absorption potential should be initiated before any new settling is undertaken, 2) the frontiers are not as convenient to areas of world population pressure as is desirable, and 3) what are mapped as areas may turn out to be a series of spots requiring considerable detailed planning at local levels.Overall there is reason for some encouragement. Frontiering could be executed now with degrees of success if proper respect is paid the complexity of the task and to previous experience. It is suggested that a contemporary planner of new settling is wiser to elect areas where the process may build on an existing minimal geographic base of settlers and transportation so as to start relatively quickly and be at least partly commercial. Frontiers these days are unlikely to take as long to develop as they did 25 or 50 years ago. Nor should they. Moreover, the drive to raise world standards of living is calling for a new order of economies and one corollary is apparent: frontiers for subsistence living have minimal value now and in the future and should be short-lived, if existent at all. But, most important, the frontiers provide the possibility of meeting a part of a burgeoning problem in a way that is familiar to the people and that could be efficient. 相似文献
6.
根据中国环境地球化学监控网络第一次采样的结果,发现中国东部,尤其是华南地区,是Ｎａ２Ｏ,ＭｇＯ,ＣａＯ的低背景地球化学区,Ａｌ的高背景地球化学区,这个独特的地球化学区,恰好也是我国酸性沉降物的分布区,由于持续的酸性物质沉降,使这一地区成为对酸性物质沉降最脆弱的地区,有可能导致土壤中Ａｌ的突然释放,出现森林大面积突然死亡的环境危害。研究还发现,该地区也是Ｔｈ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｔｉ、Ａｕ、Ｂ、Ｔｌ、Ｗ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｂ、Ａｇ、Ｉ、Ｕ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ、Ｍｏ、Ｂｉ、Ｒｂ、Ｇａ、Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｙ、Ｐｂ、Ｇｅ、Ｚｒ、Ｂｅ、Ｎｂ、Ｓｎ等２８种元素的地球化学高背景分布区。随着土壤的ｐＨ值不断降低,最终将导致这些金属中的一种或数种元素同时从土壤中释放,有可能在不同的时间阶段及不同地区的大面积范围内出现不同元素的化学定时炸弹。 相似文献
7.
Geomasking sensitive health data and privacy protection: an evaluation using an E911 database 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Allshouse WB Fitch MK Hampton KH Gesink DC Doherty IA Leone PA Serre ML Miller WC 《国际地球制图》2010,25(6):443-452
Geomasking is used to provide privacy protection for individual address information while maintaining spatial resolution for mapping purposes. Donut geomasking and other random perturbation geomasking algorithms rely on the assumption of a homogeneously distributed population to calculate displacement distances, leading to possible under-protection of individuals when this condition is not met. Using household data from 2007, we evaluated the performance of donut geomasking in Orange County, North Carolina. We calculated the estimated k-anonymity for every household based on the assumption of uniform household distribution. We then determined the actual k-anonymity by revealing household locations contained in the county E911 database. Census block groups in mixed-use areas with high population distribution heterogeneity were the most likely to have privacy protection below selected criteria. For heterogeneous populations, we suggest tripling the minimum displacement area in the donut to protect privacy with a less than 1% error rate. 相似文献
8.
To assess the impact of an artificial dyke in Chonsu Bay (CBD) on the organic carbon (C(org)) cycle, we measured excess (210)Pb activities, C(org) and nitrogen content in sediment cores. The C(org) oxidation rates (C(ox)) on the surface sediment and benthic nutrient fluxes were also quantified with an in situ benthic chamber. The higher excess (210)Pb inventory, C(org) and nitrogen in cores near the CBD indicated lateral transport and local, massive deposition of particulate matter due to tidal circulation altered by artificial dyke construction. The C(ox) in sediment near the CBD was about twice as high as that out of the bay, suggesting the importance of benthic remineralization of organic matter. The benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were four to six times higher than those outside the bay, corresponding to 141% and 131% respectively, of the requirements for primary production. 相似文献
9.
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been determined in sediments, mussels and crustacea in the vicinity of a former gasworks site by Shoreham Harbour, UK. Very high concentrations of PAH were found in the substrate, an ash-like material deposited on the former gasworks site, which exhibited a profile consistent with the major source of contamination being coal or coke tar produced during the period of gas production at the site. Elevated PAH concentrations were also found in mussels both from the beach below the former gasworks site, and from sites further to the east in Portslade and Hove. The significance of these concentrations were assessed using an approach which involved the calculation of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent conoentrations (BaPEs), summing concentrations of individual PAH on the basis of their comparative potency as carcinogens. BaPE ranged from values of, or close to, zero for crustacea, to 336 microg kg(-1) wet weight in mussels from Southwick Beach. The contaminated mussels are not exploited commercially but may be taken by casual gatherers, and notices have been posted to warn potential consumers. 相似文献
10.
综述首次无钻杆竖井钻机是在1971年由联邦德国设计制造,这种技术使在导向孔基础上钻进垂直大口径深竖井成为可能。在引进时期,这种方法已经系统地改进成一种先进的技术方法,并且把它应用到许多实际的现场中,尤其是在煤矿开采中。这种无导向孔技术工艺是发展以全断面原理为基础的,即全机械化竖井钻进方法的重要步骤。在几个研究课题中,我们设计出可行方案。无钻杆、带有液压除屑液压提升装置的钻机已用于全断面竖井钻进。在1983年,成功地打了深180m升直径为5.8m的井筒,这是一次有意义的技术尝试。它表明,研究一种有效而可靠的大口径深竖井全机械化钻进方法,是完全可能的。由于全球日益增加对矿床开发的需要,使得要在不利的地质和气候环境条件下钻探矿床。在生产矿区内,环境因素的影响正变得更为突出。因此,有许多理由可以表明需要进行地下探矿工程,而寻求有效的垂直竖井钻凿方法是进行地下探矿极其重要的一个环节。 相似文献