The mixing efficiency and the processes of restratification in a stably stratified medium     

V. S. Maderich  O. M. Konovalov  S. I. Konstantinov 《Physical Oceanography》1994,5(1):21-26

The mechanism of the effect of a collapsing turbulent eddy on diapycnal transport in a stably stratified fluid is considered. It is shown that at small Richardson turbulent numbersRi ₀ the mixing efficiency increases asRi ₀, and at large numbers it decreases in proportion toRi ₀ ^–1/2 .Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov. UDK 551.465.15.  相似文献   

Types of urbanization in the USSR     

Konstantinov SE 《Soviet geography》1977,18(10):715-728

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Palaeomagnetism of East Siberian traps and kimberlites: two new poles and palaeogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma     

Vadim A. Kravchinsky  Konstantin M. Konstantinov  Vincent Courtillot  Jams I. Savrasov  Jean-Pierre Valet  Sergey D. Cherniy  Sergey G. Mishenin  Boris S. Parasotka 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,148(1):1-33

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Influence of local geological conditions on the macroseismic effects in the town of Strazhitza     

D. Michailov  R. Glavcheva  S. Dineva  S. Elenkov  B. Konstantinov 《Natural Hazards》1990,3(2):153-160

Damage caused by the earthquake of 7 December 1986 (M = 5.7) and its aftershocks in low-storey residential buildings in the town of Strazhitza, Bulgaria, situated in the epicentral zone are systematized. A scale of damages is compiled for two types of buildings which is coordinated with the MSK-64 scale. The territorial distribution of the seismic intensity is compared with the results of the detailed engineering-geological study. A correlation between the Quarternary deposit thickness and the observed seismic intensity is obtained.Paper presented at the 21st general assembly of the European Seismological Commission held in Sofia, 1988.  相似文献   

Effect of snow cover on pan-Arctic permafrost thermal regimes     

Hotaek Park  Alexander N. Fedorov  Mikhail N. Zheleznyak  Pavel Y. Konstantinov  John E. Walsh 《Climate Dynamics》2015,44(9-10):2873-2895

This study quantitatively evaluated how insulation by snow depth (SND) affected the soil thermal regime and permafrost degradation in the pan-Arctic area, and more generally defined the characteristics of soil temperature (T_SOIL) and SND from 1901 to 2009. This was achieved through experiments performed with the land surface model CHANGE to assess sensitivity to winter precipitation as well as air temperature. Simulated T_SOIL, active layer thickness (ALT), SND, and snow density were generally comparable with in situ or satellite observations at large scales and over long periods. Northernmost regions had snow that remained relatively stable and in a thicker state during the past four decades, generating greater increases in T_SOIL. Changes in snow cover have led to changes in the thermal state of the underlying soil, which is strongly dependent on both the magnitude and the timing of changes in snowfall. Simulations of the period 2001–2009 revealed significant differences in the extent of near-surface permafrost, reflecting differences in the model’s treatment of meteorology and the soil bottom boundary. Permafrost loss was greater when SND increased in autumn rather than in winter, due to insulation of the soil resulting from early cooling. Simulations revealed that T_SOIL tended to increase over most of the pan-Arctic from 1901 to 2009, and that this increase was significant in northern regions, especially in northeastern Siberia where SND is responsible for 50 % or more of the changes in T_SOIL at a depth of 3.6 m. In the same region, ALT also increased at a rate of approximately 2.3 cm per decade. The most sensitive response of ALT to changes in SND appeared in the southern boundary regions of permafrost, in contrast to permafrost temperatures within the 60°N–80°N region, which were more sensitive to changes in snow cover. Finally, our model suggests that snow cover contributes to the warming of permafrost in northern regions and could play a more important role under conditions of future Arctic warming.  相似文献   

Climatic and environmental characteristics of Moscow megalopolis according to the data of the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory over 60 years     

N. E. Chubarova  E. I. Nezval’  I. B. Belikov  E. V. Gorbarenko  I. D. Eremina  E. Yu. Zhdanova  I. A. Korneva  P. I. Konstantinov  M. A. Lokoshchenko  A. I. Skorokhod  O. A. Shilovtseva 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(9):602-613

Analyzed are the results of meteorological and environmental measurements performed over the 60-year period (1954–2013) at the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The significant positive temperature trend (0.04°C/year for 1954–2013) was obtained; it increased up to 0.07°C/year in 1976–2012. Considered are the features of seasonal variations of different atmospheric characteristics. Discussed are the type and causes of low-frequency changes in meteorological parameters, radiation balance components, radiation in different spectral ranges, and chemical composition of precipitation. Demonstrated are possible mechanisms of the more significant increase observed in air temperature in Moscow as compared with that in Central Federal District and their connection with the greenhouse effect in the urban atmosphere.  相似文献   

Evolution of the Landscape of the Western Part of the Turan–Uyuk Basin (Tuva Highland) in the Late Pleistocene     

Belyaev  Yu. R.  Panin  A. V.  Kiryuhina  A. D.  Koshurnikov  A. V.  Kramynin  A. M.  Pavlov  M. A.  Konstantinov  E. A.  Kurbanov  R. N.  Zakharov  A. L.  Sychev  N. V. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2022,506(1):S84-S93

Doklady Earth Sciences - A complex of works including geomorphological deciphering, field survey, drilling, electric prospecting, and dating of deposits using the radiocarbon method and optically...  相似文献   

“Isotopic footprints” of gamma-ray and proton events and anomalous signal in radiocarbon in 775 AD     

A. K. Pavlov  A. V. Blinov  G. I. Vasil’ev  M. A. Vdovina  A. N. Konstantinov  V. M. Ostryakov 《Astronomy Letters》2014,40(10):640-647

The production of the cosmogenic radionuclides ¹⁴C, ¹⁰Be, and ³⁶Cl in the Earth’s atmosphere under the action of powerful impulsive proton and gamma-ray events (superpowerful solar flares and Galactic gamma-ray bursts) is considered. The possible “isotopic footprint” in natural archives (the concentrations of these isotopes in dated polar ice cores and annual tree rings) has been calculated by taking into account geophysical processes. The results obtained have been applied to analyzing the anomalous increase in the concentration of radiocarbon measured in tree rings dated 774–775 AD. Arguments for the fact that the most likely cause of this increase is the high-energy emission from a Galactic gamma-ray burst are adduced.  相似文献   

Radiation monitoring in Bryansk Polesie twenty-one years after the Chernobyl NPP accident     

E. V. Kvasnikova  S. M. Vakulovskii  S. K. Gordeev  O. M. Zhukova  S. V. Konstantinov  D. A. Manzon  V. N. Yakhryushin 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2009,34(7):454-463

Bryansk Polesie is the most ¹³⁷Cs-contaminated region of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl NPP accident, where in 2007 (i.e., 21 years after the accident), the radiation monitoring was conducted within the Russia-Belarus Union State Program. The paper is based on the comparison of data obtained in the settlements and at the nearby landscape sites outside the villages. The ¹³⁷Cs content variability in the most spread in Polesie soils, the podzols, is considered using observations obtained at the monitoring sites in Svyatsk and Demenka. It is shown that ¹³⁷Cs is fixed at the surface, in the upper soil horizons, which is explained by a high soil sorption capacity. Vast crest-sink floodplains with the great contrast range of the hydromorphic features, which cause great variability of the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution, are typical for the Polesie landscape; this fact is confirmed by observations obtained at the monitoring sites located in Starye Bobovichi and Ushcherpie. It is shown that Polesie pine forest contamination maintains higher contamination density levels compared to the nearby settlements, pastures, and meadow lands in the fluvial plains. Extrapolation of the contamination density data obtained within the first decade after the accident as of 2007, performed with allowance for the correction for decay and the comparison of these estimates with the new data accumulated in the recent years, does not show any significant contradiction.  相似文献   

Radioactive contamination of the Central Russian Upland and its surroundings 21 years after the Chernobyl NPP accident     

E. V. Kvasnikova  S. K. Gordeev  O. M. Zhukova  S. S. Kirov  S. V. Konstantinov  A. V. Lysak  D. A. Manzon 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2009,34(11):732-740

The Chernobyl NPP accident resulted, due to the western atmospheric transfer, in the formation of a pattern crossing the Central Russian Upland and its surroundings in the latitudinal direction. A volatile long–lived dose-forming radionuclide 137Cs prevailed in the fallout. A peculiar character of the Central Russian Upland division by valleys and balkas could result in a 20–year period in radioactivity displacement down the slop to valleys. This article is devoted to checking the significance of such changes. The issue on revealing the differences between the measured contamination density values 21 years after the depositions and the expected values (calculated with the correction for 137Cs decay) is also under consideration.  相似文献