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N. Kharazizadeh W. P. Schellart J. C. Duarte M. Hall 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(2):159-174
The southern margin of Australia is a passive continental margin, formed during a Late Jurassic–Cretaceous rifting phase. The development of this passive margin is mainly associated with extensional processes that caused crustal thinning. In this work, we have measured the amount of extension and the stretching factor (β factor) across seven transect profiles approximately evenly distributed across the margin. The obtained results show that the amount of extension and the β factor along the margin vary from west to east. The lowest amount of extension, low–intermediate β factors and a very narrow margin are observed in the western part with 80 km of extension and is underlain mostly by the Archean Yilgarn Craton and the Albany–Fraser Orogen. The Gawler Craton in the centre of the south Australian margin is another region of low extension and low–intermediate β factor. The largest amount of extension (384 km) and the largest β factor (β = 1.88) are found in the eastern part of the passive margin in an area underlain by Phanerozoic Tasman Orogen units. Our results imply that there is a strong control of the age and thickness of the continental lithosphere on the style of rifting along the Australian passive margin. Rifting of old and cold lithosphere results in a narrow passive margin, with the formation of relatively few faults with relatively wide spacing, while rifting of younger, warmer lithosphere leads to wide rifting that is accommodated by a large number of faults with small spacing. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTOil spill forecast modelling is typically used immediately after a spill to predict oil dispersal and promote mobilisation of more effective response operations. The aim of this work was to map oil dispersal after the grounding of the MV Rena on Astrolabe Reef and to verify the results against observations. Model predictions were broadly consistent with observed distribution of oil contamination. However, some hot spots of oil accumulation, likely due to surf-zone and rip current circulation, were not well represented. Additionally, the model was run with 81 differing wind conditions to show that the events occurring during the grounding represented the typical likely behaviour of an oil spill on Astrolabe Reef. Oil dispersal was highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns; more accurate prediction would require better observations of local wind patterns. However, comparison of predictions with observations indicated that the GNOME model was an effective low-cost approach. 相似文献
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松辽盆地长岭断陷营城组火山岩储集空间特征及演化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对长岭断陷营城组火山岩岩心、铸体薄片的详细观察和物性资料的统计分析认为,该区储层岩石类型多样,主要有流纹岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩和原地自碎角砾化熔岩等,不同岩石类型其储集空间发育特征不同,但主要由原生气孔、次生溶孔和裂缝组合构成储集空间。储集空间演化过程可分为三个阶段:原生储集空间形成阶段、表生淋滤作用阶段和埋藏成岩作用阶段,在以上演化过程中,储集性能受岩性岩相、构造运动和风化淋滤溶蚀作用的共同影响,在受深大断裂控制的火山机构近火山口相带、古构造高部位的溶蚀岩相带,裂缝及后期溶蚀孔隙发育,是优质储层分布区。 相似文献
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俯冲板片为板块运动和地幔流提供了主要的驱动力,地球动力学、地震以及地球化学的研究成为了解板块动力学和俯冲引起的地幔流的工具。以前大多数地球动力学研究都将俯冲带看作沿平行海沟方向无限延伸的（二维）或在宽度上是有限的,而空间位置上是不变的。但是俯冲带及其相关板片在水平方向上（250～7400kin）是有限的,而且它们的三维几何形状随时间将会发生改变。这里我们将介绍板块宽度控制板块构造的两个一级特征——俯冲带的弯曲和随着时间后退的趋势。 相似文献
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The potential influence of subduction zone polarity on overriding plate deformation, trench migration and slab dip angle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A geodynamic model exists, the westward lithospheric drift model, in which the variety of overriding plate deformation, trench migration and slab dip angles is explained by the polarity of subduction zones. The model predicts overriding plate extension, a fixed trench and a steep slab dip for westward-dipping subduction zones (e.g. Mariana) and predicts overriding plate shortening, oceanward trench retreat and a gentle slab dip for east to northeastward-dipping subduction zones (e.g. Chile). This paper investigates these predictions quantitatively with a global subduction zone analysis. The results show overriding plate extension for all dip directions (azimuth α = − 180° to 180°) and overriding plate shortening for dip directions with α = − 90° to 110°. The wide scatter in data negate any obvious trend and only local mean values in overriding plate deformation rate indicate that overriding plate extension is somewhat more prevalent for west-dipping slabs. West-dipping subduction zones are never fixed, irrespective of the choice of reference frame, while east to northeast-dipping subduction zones are both retreating and advancing in five out of seven global reference frames. In addition, westward-dipping subduction zones have a range in trench-migration velocities that is twice the magnitude of that for east to northeastward-dipping slabs. Finally, there is no recognizable correlation between slab dip direction and slab dip angle. East to northeast-dipping slabs (α = 30° to 120°) have shallow (0–125 km) slab dip angles in the range 10–60° and deep (125–670 km) slab dip angles in the range 40–82°, while west-dipping slabs (α = − 60° to − 120°) have shallow slab dip angles in the range 19–50° and deep slab dip angles in the range 25–86°. Local mean deep slab dip angles are nearly identical for east and west-dipping slabs, while local mean shallow slab dip angles are lower by only 4.7–8.1° for east to northeast-dipping slabs. It is thus concluded that overall, there is no observational basis to support the three predictions made by the westward drift model, and for some sub-predictions the observational basis is very weak at most. Alternative models, which incorporate and underline the importance of slab buoyancy-driven trench migration, slab width and overriding plate motion, are better candidates to explain the complexity of subduction zones, including the variety in trench-migration velocities, overriding plate deformation and slab dip angles. 相似文献
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Alma Schellart Sara Liguori Stefan Krämer Adrian Saul Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez 《水文科学杂志》2014,59(7):1418-1436
AbstractDue to the relatively small spatial scale, as well as rapid response, of urban drainage systems, the use of quantitative rainfall forecasts for providing quantitative flow and depth predictions is a challenging task. Such predictions are important when consideration is given to urban pluvial flooding and receiving water quality, and it is worthwhile to investigate the potential for improved forecasting. In this study, three quantitative precipitation forecast methods of increasing complexity were compared and used to create quantitative forecasts of sewer flows 0–3 h ahead in the centre of a small town in the north of England. The HyRaTrac radar nowcast model was employed, as well as two different versions of the more complex STEPS model. The STEPS model was used as a deterministic nowcasting system, and was also blended with the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model MM5 to investigate the potential of increasing forecast lead-times (LTs) using high-resolution NWP. Predictive LTs between 15 and 90 min gave acceptable results, but were a function of the event type. It was concluded that higher resolution rainfall estimation as well as nowcasts are needed for prediction of both local pluvial flooding and combined sewer overflow spill events.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor R.J. Moore 相似文献
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Since the advent of plate tectonics different global reference frames have been used to describe the motion of plates and trenches. The difference in plate motion and trench migration between different reference frames can be substantial (up to 4 cm/yr). This study presents an overview of trench migration velocities for all the mature and incipient subduction zones on Earth as calculated in eight different global reference frames. Calculations show that, irrespective of the reference frame: (1) trench retreat always dominates over trench advance, with 62–78% of the 244 trench segments retreating; (2) the mean and median trench velocity are always positive (retreating) and within the range 1.3–1.5 cm/yr and 0.9–1.3 cm/yr, respectively; (3) rapid trench retreat is only observed close to lateral slab edges (< 1500 km); and (4) trench retreat is always slow far from slab edges (> 2000 km). These calculations are predicted by geodynamic models with a varying slab width, in which plate motion, trench motion and mantle flow result from subduction of dense slabs, suggesting that trench motion is indeed primarily driven by slab buoyancy forces and that proximity to a lateral slab edge exerts a dominant control on the trench migration velocity. Despite these four general conclusions, significant differences in velocities between such reference frames remain. It is therefore important to determine which reference frame most likely describes the true absolute velocities to get an understanding of the forces driving plate tectonics and mantle convection. It is here proposed that, based on fluid dynamic considerations and predictions from geodynamic modelling, the best candidate is the one, which optimises the number of trench segments that retreat, minimizes the trench–perpendicular trench migration velocity (vT) in the centre of wide (> 4000 km) subduction zones, maximizes the number of retreating trench segments located within 2000 km of the closest lateral slab edge, minimizes the average of the absolute of the trench–perpendicular trench migration velocity (|vT|) for all subduction zones on Earth, and minimizes the global upper mantle toroidal volume flux (To) that results from trench migration and associated lateral slab migration (i.e. slab rollback or slab roll-forward). Calculations show that these conditions are best met in one particular Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame, where 75% of the subduction zones retreat, vT in the centre of wide subduction zones ranges between − 3.5 and 1.8 cm/yr, 83% of the trench segments located within 2000 km of the closest lateral slab edge retreat, the average of |vT| is 2.1 cm/yr, and To = 456 km3/yr (lower limit) and 539 km3/yr (upper limit). Inclusion of all the incipient subduction zones on Earth results in slightly greater fluxes of 465 km3/yr (lower limit) and 569 km3/yr (upper limit). It is also found that this reference frame is close to minimizing the total sub-lithospheric upper mantle volume flux (K) associated with motion of continental keels located below the major cratons. It is stressed, however, that K is an order of magnitude smaller than To, and thus of subordinate importance. In conclusion, the Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame appears preferable for calculating plate velocities and plate boundary velocities. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTDuring the Rena oil spill, no data existed for New Zealand conditions on the likely depth of burial and the expected degradation of oil deposited on sandy beaches. Sediment cores were taken from 12 locations along the Bay of Plenty coastline c. 1 year after the Rena oil spill. No visible oil was detected in cores and trenches dug within the beaches. Chemical extraction was performed on 20?cm slices from the upper 40?cm of 26 cores, and the elutriates were analysed for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results were compared with known PAH fingerprints of Rena oil and its degradation products. Only seven samples contained some marker PAHs, and none had a complete Rena profile, indicating stormwater contamination. Despite extensive deposition of Rena oil on beaches, no evidence of ongoing contamination could be located, indicating that the clean-up and degradation were effective at removing the oil. 相似文献