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In the process of steam stimulation exploitation of viscous crude oil, the injected water, at high temperature and under high pressure, reacts intensively with the host rock. This kind of water–rock interaction in Liaohe Shuguang Oil Field was studied on the basis of analysis of water composition changes, laboratory experiments, mineral saturation indices analysis, and mass balance calculation. Compared with the injected water, the changes of the composition of discharged water are mainly the distinct decrease of pH, Na+, SiO2 and Cl−, as well as the increase of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO
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2−
and HCO
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−
. Laboratory experiments under field conditions showed: the dissolution sequence of minerals quantitatively is quartz>potassium feldspar>albite, and the main change of clay minerals is the conversion of kaolinite to analcime. Mass balance calculation indicated during the process of steam stimulation, large quantities of analcime are precipitated with the dissolution of large amounts of quartz, kaolinite, potassium feldspar, and CO2. These results correlated very well with the experimental results. The calculated results of Liaohe Shuguang Oil Field showed that during the steam stimulation for viscous crude oil, the amounts of minerals dissolved (precipitated) are huge. To control the clogging of pore spaces of oil reservoirs, increased study of water–rock interaction is needed. 相似文献
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Rain Drop Size Distribution (DSD) is one of the key parameters to micro physical process and macro dynamical structure of precipitation. It provides useful information for understanding the mechanisms of precipitation formation and development. Conventional measurement techniques include momentum method, flour method, filtering paper, raindrop camera and immersion method. In general, the techniques havelarge measurement error, heavy workload, and low efficiency. Innovation of disdrometer is a remarkable progress in DSD observation. To date, the major techniques are classified into impacting, optical and acoustic disdrometers, which are automated and more convenient and accurate. The impacting disdrometer transforms the momentum of raindrops into electric impulse, which are easy to operate and quality assured but with large errors for extremely large or small raindrops. The optical disdrometer measures rainfall diameter and its velocity in the same time, but cannot distinguish the particles passing through sampling area simultaneously. The acoustic disdrometer determines DSD from the raindrop impacts on water body with a high temporal resolution but easily affected by wind. In addition, the Doppler can provide DSD with polarimetric techniques for large area while it is affected by updrafts, downdrafts and horizontal winds.DSD has meteorological features, which can be described with the Marshall Palmer (M-P), the Gamma, the lognormal or the normalized models. The M P model is suitable for steady rainfall, usually used for weak and moderate rainfall. The gamma model is proposed for DSD at high rain rate. The lognormal model is widely applied for cloud droplet analysis, but not appropriate for DSD with a broad spectrum. The normalized model is free of assumptions about the shape of the DSD. For practical application, statistical comparison is necessary for selection of a most suitable model. Meteorologically, convective rain has a relatively narrow and smooth DSD spectrum usually described by the M P model. Stratiform rain has a broad DSD spectrum described with the Gamma model. Stratocumulus mixed rain has relatively large drop diameter but small mean size usually described by the Gamma model. The continent rainfall is altitude dependent and it differs from the maritime cloud rainfalls in terms of rain rate and drop diameter. Overall, the meteorological features are useful to improve our understanding of precipitation formation but also important to development of precipitation retrieval techniques with a high accuracy. 相似文献
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Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater depression cones in Yinchuan City, Northwest China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
SUN Yaqiao QIAN Hui WU Xuehua 《中国地球化学学报》2007,26(4):350-355
Groundwater in Yinchuan City has been heavily over-exploited, thus leading to the formation of depression cones in confined and phreatic groundwater environments. The depression cones have an important influence on the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical fields of groundwaters. The evolution of depression cones was analyzed on the basis of the monitoring data on groundwater level accumulated in the past 14 years. The ratio of rCl-/rCa2 showed that phreatic water circulation was intensified, and confined groundwater was affected by external factors. Mass balance of Cl- showed confined water mixed with about 11% phreatic water. It is shown that the alternative function of confined water was affected by external factors. At last, the evolution of groundwater hydrochemical field on the basis of groundwater chemical composition showed that phreatic water quality has been improved whereas confined water quality has been deteriorated. Saturation indices of minerals with respect to phreatic and confined waters were calculated by using PHREEQC. 相似文献
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基于渭河咸阳段（中游）和渭南段（下游）沉积物在水更新条件下的浸出实验及水文地球化学模拟,分析了浸出液中3个特征值和8个水化学组分的变化规律及5种矿物质饱和指数的变化特征.结果表明：浸出液中电导率、Eh值和pH值均随着换水量的增加呈现出波动式上升的变化趋势,电导率增加趋势中咸阳段高于渭南段,Eh值增加趋势中渭南段高于咸阳段,说明渭河下游沉积物的颗粒更细,物质还原性更强,浸出液由弱酸性逐步向弱碱性转变;浸出液的HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-含量均表现出随着换水量的增加呈现出先迅速增加,而后逐步减少直至趋于稳定的变化过程,且咸阳段的变化幅度明显高于渭南段,而CO32-含量则呈现不断减少的趋势;Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+含量均表现出随着换水量的增加呈现出先迅速增加,而后趋于稳定的变化过程,且咸阳段的起始含量和增加幅度均高于渭南段;浸出液中无水石膏、石膏的饱和指数随换水量的增加呈现相同的变化规律,且饱和指数都小于0,咸阳段饱和指数在换水量小于22.5%时溶解能力强,换水量大于22.5%后趋于饱和并开始沉淀的特征,渭南段换水量为12.5%时饱和指数最小,换水量大于或小于12.5%后饱和指数均呈缓慢增加的趋势;方解石、白云石的饱和指数随换水量的增加也呈现相同的变化规律,且饱和指数都大于0,咸阳段在换水量小于12.5%时溶解能力较强,换水量大于12.5%后处于饱和状态并开始沉淀,渭南段在换水量小于5%时溶解能力较强,换水量大于5%后处于饱和状态并开始沉淀;NaCl饱和指数在换水量小于10%时溶解能力较强,换水量大于15%后开始沉淀.咸阳段沉积物中五种矿物质的饱和指数均要大于渭南段,说明渭河中游咸阳段沉积物在水不断更新条件下矿物质溶解能力低于下游渭南段,且沉淀能力较强、沉淀量较大. 相似文献
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