On the early history of the wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) in Finland     

TUIJA RANKAMA  PIRKKO UKKONEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2001,30(2):131-147

This paper discusses the early migration of the wild reindeer into Finland. Reindeer bones found in dated archaeological contexts suggest that the two subspecies, the mountain reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) and the forest reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.), were part of our fauna as early as c. 9000 BP and 7000 BP, respectively. The mountain reindeer may be descended from the European Pleistocene reindeer, and may have migrated into northern Finland via the west coast of Norway. The forest reindeer invaded Finland directly from the east, from its glacial refugia in Siberia. During the Holocene, the distribution ranges of these two subspecies fluctuated in accordance with climatic and vegetational changes in northern Finland.  相似文献   

The structure and evolution of a wintertime occluded front     

PIRKKO SAARIKIVI  TIMO PUHAKKA 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》1990,42(1):122-139

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History of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the eastern Baltic region and its implications for the origin and immigration routes of the recent northern European wild reindeer populations     

PIRKKO UKKONEN  LEMBI LÕUGAS  ILGA ZAGORSKA  LIGITA LUK&#;EVICA  ERVINS LUK&#;EVICS  LINAS DAUGNORA  HÖGNE JUNGNER 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2006,35(2):222-230

A total of 45 subfossil reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antlers and bones - artefacts excluded - have been found over the years in the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The relatively high number of specimens suggests a stable residence of the species in the eastern Baltic region. For the first time, 12 of these finds were radiocarbon-dated. The ages of the samples range between 12 085 and 9970 ¹⁴C yr BP (14 180-11 280 cal. yr BP), and cover the Lateglacial and early Holocene, a time period during which climatic conditions shifted from periglacial to temperate. The dates suggest a rapid colonization of the area during the deglaciation period and a local extinction around the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. The results of the study do not support the theory that the recent wild reindeer populations of northern Europe had their origin in the Late Weichselian reindeer populations of the eastern Baltic region.  相似文献