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1.
Wolfram Neutsch Herbert Kalisch Horst Fichtner S. Ranga Sreenivasan Maurice Shevalier 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,288(3):391-408
The study of the expansion of the solar wind out of a system of coronal holes is continued. To this end, we consider the numerical
integration of partial differential equations for problems with icosahedral symmetry, in general. First, employing Weyl theory,
orbifold coordinates are introduced. Second, the icosahedral coordinates are discussed in detail. Third, following an analysis
of the properties of these coordinates and the derivation of a few expressions useful for grid construction, various alternatives
for the distribution of lattice points required for numerical integration are considered. A comparison of these numerical
grids motivates the choice of a specific grid optimized for the numerical integration carried out in the accompanying paper
by Kalish et al.(2002).
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
The rock glacier Innere Ölgrube, located in a small side valley of the Kauner Valley (Ötztal Alps, Austria), consists of two separate, tongue-shaped rock glaciers lying next to each other. Investigations indicate that both rock glaciers contain a core of massive ice. During winter, the temperature at the base of the snow cover (BTS) is significantly lower at the active rock glacier than on permafrost-free ground adjacent to the rock glacier. Discharge is characterized by strong seasonal and diurnal variations, and is strongly controlled by the local weather conditions. Water temperature of the rock glacier springs remains constantly low, mostly below 1°C during the whole melt season. The morphology of the rock glaciers and the presence of meltwater lakes in their rooting zones as well as the high surface flow velocities of >1 m/yr point to a glacial origin. The northern rock glacier, which is bounded by lateral moraines, evolved from the debris-covered tongue of a small glacier of the Little Ice Age with its last highstand around A.D. 1850. Due to the global warming in the following decades, the upper parts of the steep and debris-free ice glacier melted, whereas the debris-covered glacier tongue transformed into an active rock glacier. Due to this evolution and due to the downslope movement, the northern rock glacier, although still active, at present is cut off from its ice and debris supply. The southern rock glacier has developed approximately during the same period from a debris-covered cirque glacier at the foot of the Wannetspitze massif. 相似文献
3.
4.
Wolfram Wobrock Andrea I. Flossmann Marie Monier Jean-Marc Pichon Laurent Cortez Jean-Franois Fournol Alfons Schwarzenbck Stephan Mertes Jost Heintzenberg Paolo Laj Giordano Orsi Loretta Ricci Sandro Fuzzi Harry Ten Brink Piet Jongejan Ren Otjes 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):7907
The second field campaign of the Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) project took place in February 1998 on the mountain Puy de Dôme in the centre of France. The content of residual aerosol particles, of H2O2 and NH3 in cloud droplets was evaluated by evaporating the drops larger than 5 μm in a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) and by measuring the residual particle concentration and the released gas content. The same trace species were studied behind a round jet impactor for the complementary interstitial aerosol particles smaller than 5 μm diameter. In a second step of experiments, the ambient supercooled cloud was converted to a mixed phase cloud by seeding the cloud with ice particles by the gas release from pressurised gas bottles. A comparison between the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid drops and ice particles allows a study of the fate of the trace constituents during the presence of ice crystals in the cloud.In the present paper, an overview is given of the CIME 98 experiment and the instrumentation deployed. The meteorological situation during the experiment was analysed with the help of a cloud scale model. The microphysics processes and the behaviour of the scavenged aerosol particles before and during seeding are analysed with the detailed microphysical model ExMix. The simulation results agreed well with the observations and confirmed the assumption that the Bergeron–Findeisen process was dominating during seeding and was influencing the partitioning of aerosol particles between drops and ice crystals. The results of the CIME 98 experiment give an insight on microphysical changes, redistribution of aerosol particles and cloud chemistry during the Bergeron–Findeisen process when acting also in natural clouds. 相似文献
5.
Paolo Laj Andrea I. Flossmann Wolfram Wobrock Sandro Fuzzi Giordano Orsi Loretta Ricci Stephan Mertes Alfons Schwarzenbck Jost Heintzenberg Harry Ten Brink 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):256
We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H2O2, NH3 and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H2O2 and NH3 are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H2O2 is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH3 uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH4+ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H2O2–SO2 reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming. 相似文献
6.
7.
Alexander Müller Dirk Flottmann Wolfgang Schulz Wolfram Seitz Walter H. Weber 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2007,35(4):329-338
The development of instrumental analytics such as the LC-MS/MS has made it possible to quickly determine many component concentrations in a single chromatogram. However, the validation of such multi-methods needs new strategies for robustness and optimization. Statistical execution of analytical tests is one tool that can be utilized to meet this requirement. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was utilized for the validation of an LC-MS/MS multi-method for 84 analytes. The experimental design includes six design variables and two non-design variables (response variables). Concentration, ionization temperature, dwell time, gradient, flow (of eluent), and spraying/curtain gas (continuous design variables) were varied on five different levels; the whole design encompassed 91 runs. To investigate the robustness of a LC-MS/MS method both peak sensitivity and chromatographic separation had to be verified. Therefore, two non-design variables were necessary. The distribution of the peaks over analysis time was applied to describe the quality of the chromatographic separation. The sensitivity was described with the signal to noise ratio (S/N). The evaluation of the measured data was accomplished with the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three main effects (concentration, ionization temperature, dwell time) and no significant interaction effect were found for the response variable “S/N”. The variables of concentration, ionization temperature, and dwell time had no significant effects for the response variable “S/N”. The ANOVA of the response variable chromatographic separation abandoned no significant effects as well. Therefore, robustness of the method can be guaranteed for all non significant design variables. 相似文献
8.
Luiz N. da Costa Adi Nusser Wolfram Freudling Riccardo Giovanelli Martha P. Haynes John J. Salzer & Gary Wegner 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,299(2):425-432
We present a comparison between the peculiar velocity fields measured from a recently completed l -band Tully–Fisher survey of field spirals (SFI) and that derived from the IRAS 1.2-Jy redshift survey galaxy distribution. The analysis is based on the expansion of these data in redshift space using smooth orthonormal functions, and is performed using low- and high-resolution expansions, with an effective smoothing scale which increases almost linearly with redshift. The effective smoothing scales at 3000 km s−1 are 1500 and 1000 km s−1 for the low- and high-resolution filters. The agreement between the high- and low-resolution SFI velocity maps is excellent. The general features in the filtered SFI and IRAS velocity fields agree remarkably well within 6000 km s−1 . This good agreement between the fields allows us to determine the parameter β = Ω0.6 / b , where Ω is the cosmological density parameter, and b is the linear biasing factor. From a likelihood analysis on the SFI and IRAS modes we find that β = 0.6 ± 0.1, independently of the resolution of the modal expansion. For this value of β, the residual fields for the two filters show no systematic variations within 6000 km s−1 . Most remarkable is the lack of any coherent, redshift-dependent dipole flow in the residual field. 相似文献
9.
A recent paper in this journal argues that the choice of statistical model is responsible for the divergence in damage estimates of climate change on US agriculture. We provide five arguments why we believe this assertion is misguided. 相似文献
10.
It is not a trivial problem to imagine how a spherical high-pressure balloon with supersonic gas jets leaving from pores densely distributed on its surface can be influenced by an ambient gas flow. The relative motion of such a balloon can be controlled by a corresponding rearrangement of the gas outflow into an aspherical configuration. A similar problem is connected with stars driving a supersonic stellar wind and moving relative to the interstellar medium. As we shall show, the adapted circumstellar flow leads to an upwind-downwind pressure asymmetry balancing the momentum loss that is braking such stars. The opposite process — i.e., acceleration — may occur if luminous stars are closely associated and their wind systems interfere with each other. This should lead to a mutual repulsion. 相似文献