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1.
引言这本用户手册描述的是有关热带气旋风速划分标准的改进和应用,该等级的划分给出了热带气旋风速与热带太平洋地区建筑结构、植被及沿海岸受灾害程度之间的关系。最初使用的划分标准是为了保证紧急管理部门能够更好地了解与预报的风速相关的风险,从而针对预报的热带气旋强度明确作出适当的防灾决策和建议。对于大多数人而言,将公告的风速值与潜在的危害直接联系起来是很困难的。例如:何种强度的风速可以掀掉铁皮屋顶、掀翻小汽车、可使海浪越过海堤冲击房屋或掀倒混凝土动力电杆。了解这些问题的答案需要紧急管理部门根据预报的风力直接向… 相似文献
2.
Geologic Setting, Field Survey and Modeling of the Chimbote, Northern Peru, Tsunami of 21 February 1996 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. Bourgeois C. Petroff H. Yeh V. Titov C. E. Synolakis B. Benson J. Kuroiwa J. Lander E. Norabuena 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1999,154(3-4):513-540
—Whereas the coast of Peru south of 10°S is historically accustomed to tsunamigenic earthquakes, the subduction zone north of 10°S has been relatively quiet. On 21 February 1996 at 21:51 GMT (07:51 local time) a large, tsunamigenic earthquake (Harvard estimate M w = 7.5) struck at 9.6°S, 79.6°W, approximately 130 km off the northern coast of Peru, north of the intersection of the Mendaña fracture zone with the Peru–Chile trench. The likely mechanism inferred from seismic data is a low-angle thrust consistent with subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American plate, with relatively slow rupture characteristics. Approximately one hour after the main shock, a damaging tsunami reached the Peruvian coast, resulting in twelve deaths. We report survey measurements, from 7.7°S to 11°S, on maximum runup (2–5m, between 8 and 10°S), maximum inundation distances, which exceeded 500 m, and tsunami sediment deposition patterns. Observations and numerical simulations show that the hydrodynamic characteristics of this event resemble those of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami. Differences in climate, vegetation and population make these two tsunamis seem more different than they were. This 1996 Chimbote event was the first large (M w >7) subduction-zone (interplate) earthquake between about 8 and 10°S, in Peru, since the 17th century, and bears resemblance to the 1960 (M w 7.6) event at 6.8°S. Together these two events are apparently the only large subduction-zone earthquakes in northern Peru since 1619 (est. latitude 8°S, est. M w 7.8); these two tsunamis also each produced more fatalities than any other tsunami in Peru since the 18th century. We concur with Pelayo and Wiens (1990, 1992) that this subduction zone, in northern Peru, resembles others where the subduction zone is only weakly coupled, and convergence is largely aseismic. Subduction-zone earthquakes, when they occur, are slow, commonly shallow, and originate far from shore (near the tip of the wedge). Thus they are weakly felt, and the ensuing tsunamis are unanticipated by local populations. Although perhaps a borderline case, the Chimbote tsunami clearly is another wake-up example of a "tsunami earthquake." 相似文献
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V. I. Levina A. V. Lander S. V. Mityushkina A. Yu. Chebrova 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2013,7(1):37-57
This paper reviews the Kamchatka seismicity for a 50-year period of observation. These data were used to carry out a regionalization of Kamchatka’s seismic volume and adjacent areas. In all, ten zones were identified with differing activities and origins of seismicity. A comparative analysis was carried out for the seismicity in the more active zones. We found significant differences between the structures of the southern and the northern segment in the Kamchatka part of the Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone. Seismological data corroborated a relationship between the subduction zone and the underthrusting of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate. These data from the 50-year period of observation helped identify a new Koryak seismic belt that encompasses the northwestern coast of the Bering Sea. We provide a brief review of macroseismic effects due to the most significant earthquakes for the 1962–2010 period. 相似文献
5.
Pattern and timing of the northwestern Barents Sea Ice Sheet deglaciation and indications of episodic Holocene deposition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Denise Christina Rüther Lilja Rún Bjarnadóttir Juho Junttila Katrine Husum Tine Lander Rasmussen Renata Giulia Lucchi Karin Andreassen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2012,41(3):494-512
The origin of two acoustic sediment units has been studied based on lithological facies, chronology and benthic stable isotope values as well as on foraminifera and clay mineral assemblages in six marine sediment cores from Kveithola, a small trough west of Spitsbergenbanken on the western Barents Sea margin. We have identified four time slices with characteristic sedimentary environments. Before c. 14.2 cal. ka, rhythmically laminated muds indicate extensive sea ice cover in the area. From c. 13.9 to 14.2 cal. ka, muds rich in ice‐rafted debris were deposited during the disintegration of grounded ice on Spitsbergenbanken. From c. 10.3 to 13.1 cal. ka, sediments with heterogeneous lithologies suggest a shifting influence of suspension settling and iceberg rafting, probably derived from a decaying Barents Sea Ice Sheet in the inner‐fjord and land areas to the north of Kveithola. Holocene deposition was episodic and characterized by the deposition of calcareous sands and shell debris, indicative of strong bottom currents. We speculate that a marked erosional boundary at c. 8.2 cal. ka may have been caused by the Storegga tsunami. Whilst deposition was sparse during the Holocene, Kveithola acted as a sediment trap during the preceding deglaciation. Investigation of the deglacial sediments provides unprecedented details on the dynamics and timing of glacial retreat from Spitsbergenbanken. 相似文献
6.
We investigated the seismicity in the aftershock area of a great earthquake occurring on April 20, 2006 (21:04 LT) in the
area of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. This analysis of the aftershock process was based on a complete catalog of the earthquakes
that were recorded during April–May 2006 by the regional network of seismic stations operated by the Kamchatka Branch of the
Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We also made use of a catalog of low magnitude events for May 2–17
as recorded by a mobile seismic network deployed in the rupture zone. We provide a review of seismicity for the Koryak Upland
for the period of instrumental observations in the 20th and early 21st centuries. 相似文献
7.
Chebrov D. V. Kugaenko Yu. A. Lander A. V. Abubakirov I. R. Gusev A. A. Droznina S. Ya. Mityushkina S. V. Ototyuk D. A. Pavlov V. M. Titkov N. N. 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2019,55(4):576-599
Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - The largest instrumentally recorded regional back-arc earthquake with MW = 7.8, MC = 8.2 occurred on July 17, 2017 on the Bering transform fault (the... 相似文献
8.
A. N. Sukhov V. D. Chekhovich A. V. Lander S. L. Presnyakov E. N. Lepekhina 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2011,439(1):926-932
The Shirshov Ridge holds an important position in the structure of the Bering Sea Basin. Stretching from north to south for
over 500 km, it divides the Bering Sea into two deep water basins, the Aleutian and Komandorsky basins. The age of oceanic
crust of the Aleutian basin based on linear magnetic anomalies is conventionally considered Early Cretaceous, of the Komandorsky
basin — Miocene, according to the K-Ar dating of the basalts (9.8 Ma) exposed in 191 deep water drill borehole. Rocks belonging
to the basement of the Shirshov Ridge were dredged during the 29th cruise of research vessel Dmitrii Mendeleev and are represented by amphibolitic gabbro whose composition is similar to that of gabbroids of mid-oceanic ridges. The age
of metamorphism based on the results of K-Ar dating of amphibole is 47 ± 5 Ma. The U-Pb zircon dating method was used to determine
the age of gabbro. Zircons were extracted from a ∼5 kg combined amphibolitic gabbroid sample, and the age of zircons was determined
using a SHRIMP-II sensitive high resolution secondary ion microprobe (Center of Isotopic Studies, A.P. Karpinskii Russian
Geological Research Institute, St. Petersburg). The average concordant age value for the 25 determinations performed based
on 20 points for 18 grains is 72 ± 1.4 Ma (Late Campanian). For 5 grains, the measured age values are within the range of
88 ± 3.5 Ma to 126.5 ± 4.5 Ma. Given the western vergence of the thrust structure of the Shirshov Ridge, the acoustic basement
of the Shirshov Ridge is most probably a complexly deformed oceanic crust of the Aleutian Trench, which most likely dates
from the Early to Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
9.
V. E. Levin V. F. Bakhtiarov N. N. Titkov S. S. Serovetnikov M. A. Magus’kin A. V. Lander 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2014,50(6):732-751
The works on geodetic monitoring of the contemporary crustal motions (CCMs) in the region of the Kamchatka Peninsula and Komandor Islands for the 40-year history of instrumental observations are reviewed. The examples of CCM recording by the classical geodetic methods and, since 1996, by the Global Positioning System (GPS) are presented. The deployment of the regional network for GNSS observations by the Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KAMNET) made it possible to study the geodynamical processes at the junction of three major plates (Eurasian, North American, and Pacific) and smaller plates (Okhotsk and Bering). The interpretation of the examples of recorded CCMs is presented. The prospects of further development in the field of studying the geodynamics of the Koryak-Kamchatka region are outlined. 相似文献
10.
Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The suspension-feeding sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa has become commercially important in recent years. Finding proper diets is the first important step for... 相似文献