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1.
T. N. Krishnamurti John Molinari Hua-Lu Pan Vince Wong 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1977,115(5-6):1357-1372
In this short paper we have identified some of the modelling groups that have the capability of simulating or carrying out short range numerical weather prediction over the monsoon belt. We have next outlined some of the important and desirable ingredients for a multilevel primitive equation model over the tropics, with most of the emphasis on the present version of Florida State University's Tropical Prediction Model. Finally, we present briefly some important results based on the present version of our prediction models that relate to the NWP efforts over the monsoon belt. Here we have identified the importance of mountains, convection, the radiative heating balance of the earth's surface, and the planetary boundary layer over the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
2.
Macroalgal survival in ballast water tanks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Despite a large amount of research into invasive species and their introductions, there have been no studies focused on macroalgal transport in ballast water. To address this, we collected replicate samples of ballast water from 12 ships in two Mediterranean harbours (Naples and Salerno). Filtered samples were kept in culture for a month at Mediterranean mean conditions (18 degrees C, 12:12h LD, 60micromol photons m(-2)s(-1)). Fifteen macroalgal taxa were cultured and differed according to the geographic origin of the ballast water. Most of the cultured algae were widely distributed species (e.g. Ulva spp. and Acinetospora-phase). However, Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka and Shimada, described from Japan, was hitherto unknown in the Mediterranean Sea. We show for the first time that ballast water can be an important vector for the transport of microscopic stages of macroalgae and that this can be a vector for the introduction of alien species. 相似文献
3.
Andrea Blašković Paolo Fastelli Hrvoje Čižmek Cristiana Guerranti Monia Renzi 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):583-586
This paper reports baseline levels of litter (macro, meso and microplastics) in sediments collected from different areas of the Croatian MPA of the Natural Park of Tela??ica bay (Adriatic Sea, GSA n. 17). The distribution of total abundance according to size, for all analysed locations evidences that microplastics are the dominant fraction concerning item's numbers. In all analysed samples no macroplastics were found, while microplastics are 88.71% and mesoplastics are 11.29% of the total. 相似文献
4.
Summary This study examined ECMWF operational analyses of the outflow layer of two tropical cyclones (Allen, 1980; Elena, 1985) during their passage across the Atlantic and Caribbean. Wind fields and related derived quantities were compared to those from objective analyses of specialized data sets. Errors in center position and storm motion from the ECMWF analyses were also evaluated.Analyses of wind and angular momentum flux in 1985, subsequent to upgrading of the operational model, were superior to those from 1980. High-resolution, uninitialized analyses from 1985, however, provided no advantages over lower resolution, initialized analyses for the same time period. For all ECMWF analyses, azimuthally averaged (mean) tangential velocity, and thus mean vorticity, were well represented. Mean radial velocity and mean divergence were poorly represented. Problems with the latter arose primarily due to underestimation of outflow, especially in the 1980 analyses. Azimuthaleddy fluxes of angular momentum in the ECMWF analyses quantitatively differed from but qualitatively resembled, the control analyses.Vorticity maxima at 850 mb in the operational analyses most accurately defined the center position of the storms, with a mean error less than or equal to one grid point. In contrast, surface pressure minima failed to provide reliable estimates. Over open ocean and at early stages of storms, analysis quality was uneven, with occasional large position errors and widely varying locations of vorticity maxima in the vertical.Nevertheless, in regions surrounded by even a few rawinsondes, such as the Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico, ECMWF analyses contained sufficient information to allow individual case studies of the tropical cyclone environment. In the same regions, estimates of the eddy flux convergence of angular momentum were found to be accurate enough to aid in operational hurricane intensity prediction. Enhancements in resolution and model initialization at ECMWF since 1985 should further improve operational analyses of the tropical cyclone environment.With 11 Figures 相似文献
5.
Maria Monia Flagella Alessio Soria Maria Cristina Buia 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(12):947-960
In order to study the role of ballast water in introducing non-indigenous organisms in the Mediterranean Sea, the maritime traffic was analysed in the harbours of Naples and Salerno, which are important commercial ports in southern Italy. The 2001 data concerning the number of ships, the cruises’ length and the source of arrivals, were taken from harbours’ offices logbooks. In both harbours, the Mediterranean traffic was higher compared to the world sea-borne traffic that was mainly coming from North East Atlantic countries. The mean length of travels was of 1 week while the longest voyages were from Australia (3 weeks). A theoretical amount of ballast waters discharged during 1 year was provided by using an European model. A total of 55,738 and 118,339 ton of foreign ballast water are released annually in Naples and Salerno, respectively, to which theoretically correspond the entry of 4,977,403 (Naples) and 10,366,496 (Salerno) phytoplanktonic specimens. 相似文献
6.
This paper illustrates the main characteristics of the newly developed landslide model r.massmov, which is based on the shallow water equations, and is capable of simulating the landslide propagation over complex topographies. The model is the result of the reimplementation of the MassMov2D into the free and open-source GRASS GIS with a series of enhancements aiming at allowing its possible integration into innovative early warning monitoring systems and specifically into Web processing services. These improvements, finalized at significantly reducing computational times, include the introduction of a new automatic stopping criterion, fluidization process algorithm, and the parallel computing. Moreover, the results of multi-spatial resolution analysis conducted on a real case study located in the southern Switzerland are presented. In particular, this analysis, composed by a sensitivity analysis and calibration process, allowed to evaluate the model capabilities in simulating the phenomenon at different input data resolution. The results illustrate that the introduced modifications lead to important reductions in the computational time (more than 90 % faster) and that, using the lower dataset resolution capable of guaranteeing reliable results, the model can be run in about 1 s instead of the 3.5 h required by previous model with not optimized dataset resolution. Aside, the results of the research are a series of new GRASS GIS modules for conducting sensitivity analysis and for calibration. The latter integrates the automated calibration program “UCODE” with any GRASS raster module. Finally, the research workflow presented in this paper illustrates a best practice in applying r.massmov in real case applications. 相似文献
7.
A Crustal Model for the Eastern Alps Region and a New Moho Map in Southeastern Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the last two decades, south-central Europe and the Eastern Alps have been widely explored by many seismic refraction experiments (e.g., CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, SUDETES 2003). Although quite detailed images are available along linear profiles, a comprehensive, three-dimensional crustal model of the region is still missing. This limitation makes this region a weak spot in continental-wide comprehensive representations of crustal structure. To improve on this situation, we select and collect 37 published active-source seismic lines in this region. After geo-referencing each line, we sample them along vertical profiles—every 50?km or less along the line—and derive P-wave velocities in a stack of homogeneous layers (separated by discontinuities: depth of crystalline basement, top of lower crust, and Moho). We finally merge the information using geostatistical methods, and infer S-wave velocity and density using empirical scaling relations. We present here the resulting crustal model for a region encompassing the Eastern Alps, Dinarides, Pannonian basin, Western Carpathians and Bohemian Massif, covering the region within $45^{\circ}\text{--}51^{\circ}\hbox{N}$ and $11^{\circ} \text{--} 22^{\circ}\hbox{E}$ with a resolution of $0.2^{\circ} \times 0.2^{\circ}.$ We are also able to extend and update the map of Moho depth in a wider region within $35^{\circ}\text{--}51^{\circ}\hbox{N}$ and $12^{\circ}\text{--}45^{\circ}\hbox{E},$ gathering Moho values from the collected seismic lines, other published dataset and using the European plate reference EPcrust as a background. All the digitized profiles and the resulting model are available online. 相似文献
8.
Ping Yin Cathryn N. Mitchell Lucilla Alfonsi Mike Pinnock Paul Spencer Giorgiana De Franceschi Vincenzo Romano Patrick Newell Pierguido Sarti Monia Negusini Alessandro Capra 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(17-18):1757-1765
Ground-based dual-frequency GPS observations can be used to create images of electron density. This is well established for the Arctic ionosphere; here one of the first results is presented for the Antarctic. In this study, the GPS receivers in the Antarctic are supplemented with another GPS receiver onboard CHAMP. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the technique for investigating geophysical events, for example, an ionospheric disturbance period on 11 February 2004. The images have been validated by in-situ measurements from DMSP and CHAMP satellites, as well as Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) convection patterns, which are able to confirm the location, presence, and transportation of large-scale plasma patches. This study indicates that although the convection still dominates in the high-latitude ionosphere, soft precipitation within the polar cap may play a role in the evolution of the polar patches. It also illustrates the potential for future multi-instrument studies of the Antarctic. 相似文献
9.
Partial‐strength composite steel–concrete moment‐resisting (MR) frame structures represent an open research field in seismic design from both a theoretical and an experimental standpoint. Among experimental techniques, vibration testing is a well‐known and powerful technique for damage detection, localization and quantification, where actual modal parameters of a structure at different states can be determined from test data by using system identification methods. However, the identification of semi‐rigid connections in framed structures is limited, and hence this paper focuses on a series of vibration experiments that were carried out on a realistic MR frame structure, following the application of pseudo‐dynamic and quasi‐static cyclic loadings at the European laboratory for structural assessment of the Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, with the scope of understanding the structural behaviour and identifying changes in the dynamic response. From the forced vibration response, natural frequencies, damping ratios, modal displacements and rotations were extracted using the circle fitting technique. These modal parameters were used for local and global damage identification by updating a 3D finite element model of the intact structure. The identified results were then correlated with observations performed on the structure to understand further the underlying damage mechanisms. Finally, the latin hypercube sampling technique, a variant of the Monte Carlo method, was employed in order to study the sensitivity of the updated parameters of the 3D model to noise on the modal inputs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
F. M. Zerbi P. Span P. Conconi E. Molinari R. Mazzoleni R. Pallavicini K.G. Strassmeier 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2002,323(5):499-509
A way to fully exploit the large collecting area of modern 8–10m class telescopes is high resolution spectroscopy. Many astrophysical problems from planetary science to cosmology benefit from spectroscopic observations at the highest resolution currently achievable and would benefit from even higher resolutions. Indeed in the era of 8–10m class telescopes no longer the telescope collecting area but the size of the beam – which is related to the maximum size in which reflection gratings are manufactured – is what mainly limits the resolution. A resolution‐slit product Rφ ≃ 40,000 is the maximum currently provided by a beam of 20 cm illuminating the largest grating mosaics. We present a conceptual design for a spectrograph with Rφ ≃ 80,000, i.e. twice as large as that of existing instruments. Examples of the possible exploitation of such a high Rφ value, including spectropolarimetry and very high resolution (R ∼ 300,000), are discussed in detail. The new concept is illustrated through the specific case of a high resolution spectropolarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope. 相似文献