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In this paper, a sudden heavy rainfall event is analyzed, which occurred over the Yellow River midstream during 5–6 August 2014. We used observational, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, high-resolution satellite, and numerical simulation data. The main results are as follows. Under an unfavorable environmental circulation, inadequate water vapor and unfavorable dynamic conditions but sufficient energy, a local sudden heavy rainfall was caused by the release of strong unstable energy that was triggered by cold air transport into middle and lower layers and the propagation of gravity waves. The distributions of rain area, rain clusters, and 10-minute rainfall showed typical mesoscale and microscale fluctuation characteristics. In the mesoscale rain area or upstream, there was a quasi-stationary wave of mesoscale gravity waves with their propagation downstream. In the course of propagation from southwest to northeast, the wavelength became longer and the amplitude attenuated. In the various phases of gravity wave development, there were evident differences in the direction of the wave front. Wave energy was mainly in the lower layers. Unstable vertical wind shear at heights of 1–6 km provided fluctuation energy for the gravity waves. The mechanisms of heavy rainfall formation were different at Linyou and Hancheng stations. Diabatic heating was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Linyou. The explosive short-period strong precipitation was caused by the release of strong effective potential energy triggered by the gravity waves, and its development and propagation after that energy maximized. In contrast, the latent heat release of upstream precipitation was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Hancheng. This formed a positive feedback mechanism that produced continuous precipitation. In the studied event, the development of westerly belt systems had disturbed the wind field. The contribution of kinetic energy generated by this disturbance could not be ignored. The Froude number, mountain shape parameter, and ratio between mountain height and temperature inversion layer thickness had various effects of atmosphere and terrain on mesoscale and microscale mountain waves. In upper and lower layers, there were five airflows that were strengthened by the terrain. All these had important influences on local heavy rainfall at Linyou and Hancheng stations.  相似文献   
2.
利用2014—2017年山西省地面和高空气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR FNL再分析资料、山西及周边地区多普勒天气雷达资料,对山西冬半年雨转雪过程进行归类与分析,探讨地面气温在降水相态转换中的作用,提取降水相态转换的前兆信息。针对降雪过程,统计分析降雪量和积雪深度增量的关系,总结提炼积雪深度预报指标。最后,选取气候特征相似的两次雨转雪过程进行对比分析,揭示降水相态转换的物理机制。结果表明:(1)山西省11月发生雨转雪的站次最多,其次为2月。地面气温作为降水相态变化的重要指标,其与气候和天气(如冷空气强度和路径)特征、地理位置等有关。(2)山西冬半年积雪深度增量与降雪量比值约0.68 cm·mm~(-1),且比值随着气温降低而增大,因此存在明显的时空差异。(3)在雨转雪的不同时段,随着对流层低层降温,冰雪层厚度在总云层的比例有所增加,且云中固态凝结物下落路径缩短,使得固态凝结物在下落过程中融化概率减小,造成相态变化。  相似文献   
3.
A heavy rainfall event caused by a mesoscale convective system (MCS), which occurred over the Yellow River midstream area during 7–9 July 2016, was analyzed using observational, high-resolution satellite, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, and numerical simulation data. This heavy rainfall event was caused by one mesoscale convective complex (MCC) and five MCSs successively. The MCC rainstorm occurred when southwesterly winds strengthened into a jet. The MCS rainstorms occurred when low-level wind fields weakened, but their easterly components in the lower and boundary layers increased continuously. Numerical analysis revealed that there were obvious differences between the MCC and MCS rainstorms, including their three-dimensional airflow structure, disturbances in wind fields and vapor distributions, and characteristics of energy conversion and propagation. Formation of the MCC was related to southerly conveyed water vapor and energy to the north, with obvious water vapor exchange between the free atmosphere and the boundary layer. Continuous regeneration and development of the MCSs mainly relied on maintenance of an upward extension of a positive water vapor disturbance. The MCC rainstorm was triggered by large range of convergent ascending motion caused by a southerly jet, and easterly disturbance within the boundary layer. While a southerly fluctuation and easterly disturbance in the boundary layer were important triggers of the MCS rainstorms. Maintenance and development of the MCC and MCSs were linked to secondary circulation, resulting from convergence of Ekman non-equilibrium flow in the boundary layer. Both intensity and motion of the convergence centers in MCC and MCS cases were different. Clearly, sub-synoptic scale systems in the middle troposphere played a leading role in determining precipitation distribution during this event. Although mesoscale systems triggered by the sub-synoptic scale system induced the heavy rainfall, small-scale disturbances within the boundary layer determined its intensity and location.  相似文献   
4.
2007—2013年夏季江淮地区MCS和MCV与暴雨关系的统计特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
利用FY-2D逐时TBB资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2007-2013年夏季(6-8月)江淮地区暴雨和大暴雨日的MCS和MCV进行普查,将MCS分为圆状的MCC和MβCCS以及带状的PECS和MβECS,并根据MCV能否激发新的对流将其分为发展型和不发展型。结果表明:夏季江淮地区由MCS造成的暴雨和大暴雨日占总天数的74.3%。追踪产生暴雨的65次MCS过程中,带状MCS所占比例明显大于圆状MCS;MCS多生成于江淮中东部的陆地上,以向东-东北和南-东南移动为主,其移动距离集中在1~5个经纬距。暴雨和大暴雨日中出现的MCV主要位于对流层中低层,且多出现在MCS的西侧和北侧;PECS和MβECS比MCC更易衍生MCV过程,未出现MβCCS伴随的MCV个例。不同类型MCS衍生出的MCV厚度差异很小,MCV的厚度与其类型、对应暴雨日的等级无明显关系。6-8月,MCV发生的次数递减,MCV多发生于午后14时左右,夜间到凌晨很少生成。由MCS引发的大暴雨日中,有MCV出现的天数占61.5%,明显较暴雨日高,大暴雨日中出现的MCV多数都能引发"二次对流"。  相似文献   
5.
利用2005—2017年卫星、实况探测、L波段探空秒数据和NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1°再分析等资料,采用天气学和动力诊断分析等方法,对黄河中游地区中尺度对流复合体(mesoscale convective complex,MCC)进行天气学分型,并对其结构特征及差异进行分析。结果表明:1)黄河中游地区MCC主要生成在夏季,多在傍晚至次日凌晨发展成熟,生命史长、移动缓慢,以暴雨及以上量级降水为主,雨强大,地域差异明显。2)依据200 hPa环流形势,将MCC分为3个主型,结合500 hPa形势特点,每个主型下分为不同副型。通过分析不同分型下MCC环境场及物理量空间结构特征及差异,提炼MCC强降水预报关键技术,建立MCC强降水预报物理模型。3)MCC形成在低层比湿和能量扰动的正值中心附近,在低层扰动梯度大值区、靠近正中心的区域发展成熟。扰动正值中心所在高度、中心强度以及正扰动的厚度等物理因子与MCC发展以及降水强度关系密切。4)不同分型下,MCC不同生命阶段云系及环境大气的垂直变化存在明显差异。云顶高度下降,湿层加厚,凝结高度降低,逆温层消失,是MCC达到成熟的先兆信号。5)在200 hPa南亚高压稳定背景下,地面存在次天气尺度冷锋、中尺度高压和冷池;中尺度高压作用明显小于冷池,冷池强度和维持时间与MCC降水强度和持续时间密切相关。在200 hPa深厚低槽和西北急流或急流分支背景下,地面无冷池和中尺度高压形成,低层入流风速和温度梯度的加大是MCC发展成熟的重要因素,中尺度露点锋对MCC强降水的触发作用不可忽视。  相似文献   
6.
利用加密自动气象站资料、多普勒雷达产品、NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1°再分析资料、灾情调查等资料,对2017年出现在山西北部的三次冰雹天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)三次脉冲风暴冰雹过程均发生在500 hPa中高纬地区为"两槽一脊"型、槽后偏西北气流的环流背景下,低层切变线或涡旋是主要触发系统。冰雹出现在低层辐合线的东南侧暖区内。低层触发系统不同,大气不稳定度不同,造成的强对流落区和强度差异很大。(2)脉冲风暴冰雹过程中,从低层到高层风向随高度呈现一致的顺时针旋转,从低层到700 h Pa附近风速随高度增加,0~6 km风垂直切变为1×10~(-4)~7×10~(-4)s~(-1),均小于冰雹天气阈值。(3)脉冲风暴的雷达回波呈块状,强回波中心高度位于-10℃等温线所在高度以上,初始高度在7 km以上,上冲云顶高度大于12 km;脉冲风暴的形成、发展和结束与雷暴云顶的上冲、下降和崩溃紧密联系。可以利用上冲云顶的形态判断风暴的生消,但要抬高仰角到8 km左右高度观测,才有助于提前发现脉冲风暴。径向速度场上三次过程有明显差异,表现为降雹持续时间与辐合层厚度密切相关,辐合层越厚降雹越剧烈,持续时间越长;以单体形式在低层出现辐合、高层辐散的速度场发展迅猛程度要比多单体更剧烈,带来的灾害更严重;强对流发生前,VIL最大值大于35 kg·m-2,降雹前VIL出现跃增,跃增量大于29 kg·m-2。(4)基本反射率剖面图上,脉冲风暴产生的旁瓣回波的空间结构表现为与高反射率因子核区垂直,强度小于20 d BZ的弱回波带,旁瓣回波从风暴强中心边缘向低方位角方向伸展。三次过程中,出现旁瓣回波和三体散射的冰雹过程持续时间更长、灾害程度更重。  相似文献   
7.
利用常规观测、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析、风云2E卫星数据等资料,对分别由MβECS和MCC造成的两次吕梁山夜间暴雨过程进行数值模拟和粒子后向轨迹追踪,得到以下结论:过程1受边界层南风急流和西南气流影响,山西西部低空急流偏西分量和晋中盆地边界层西南气流的增强是对流不稳定能量重建的重要因子。过程2则受边界层南风和东风急流作用,前者被显著抬升到对流层中高层,形成含有冰晶层的中高层云系,后者则供应了低空水汽。两次过程中边界层(0.8~1.2 km)粒子携带的水汽均明显超过了低层(1.5~3 km),是夜间短时强降水所需水汽的最大贡献者。700 hPa及以上非绝热作用产生扰动有效位能、之后向扰动动能的转化是两次过程中短时强降水发生所需能量的主要来源。  相似文献   
8.
利用2005——2017年卫星、实况探测、L波段探空秒数据和NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1°再分析等资料,采用天气学和动力诊断分析等方法,对黄河中游地区中尺度对流复合体(mesoscale convective complex,MCC)进行天气学分型,并对其结构特征及差异进行分析。结果表明:1)黄河中游地区MCC主要生成在夏季,多在傍晚至次日凌晨发展成熟,生命史长、移动缓慢,以暴雨及以上量级降水为主,雨强大,地域差异明显。2)依据200 hPa环流形势,将MCC分为3个主型,结合500 hPa形势特点,每个主型下分为不同副型。通过分析不同分型下MCC环境场及物理量空间结构特征及差异,提炼MCC强降水预报关键技术,建立MCC强降水预报物理模型。3) MCC形成在低层比湿和能量扰动的正值中心附近,在低层扰动梯度大值区、靠近正中心的区域发展成熟。扰动正值中心所在高度、中心强度以及正扰动的厚度等物理因子与MCC发展以及降水强度关系密切。4)不同分型下,MCC不同生命阶段云系及环境大气的垂直变化存在明显差异。云顶高度下降,湿层加厚,凝结高度降低,逆温层消失,是MCC达到成熟的先兆信号。5)在200 hPa南亚高压稳定背景下,地面存在次天气尺度冷锋、中尺度高压和冷池;中尺度高压作用明显小于冷池,冷池强度和维持时间与MCC降水强度和持续时间密切相关。在200 hPa深厚低槽和西北急流或急流分支背景下,地面无冷池和中尺度高压形成,低层入流风速和温度梯度的加大是MCC发展成熟的重要因素,中尺度露点锋对MCC强降水的触发作用不可忽视。  相似文献   
9.
By using the conventional observations, radar data, NCEP/NCAR FNL 1o×1o reanalysis data and numerical simulation data and with the construction and calculation of radar echo parameters, this paper presents the structural characteristics and physical processes of a short-time heavy precipitation supercell that occurred in the squall line process in Shanxi Province on 24 June 2020. The results show that this squall line event occurred in front of a surface cold front, combined with infiltration of low-level cold air and continuous increase of near-surface humidity in the afternoon. The surface mesoscale convergence line and mesoscale dew point front contributed to the development and systemization of the squall line by a large degree. The short-time extremely heavy precipitation in Pingshun County was caused by the development of a supercell from thunderstorm cells on the front side of the squall line. The characteristics of sharp increase in vertical integral liquid water content, persistent increase in reflectivity factor and continuous rise in the echo top height appeared about 23 min earlier than the severe precipitation, which has qualitative indicating significance for the nowcasting of short-time heavy precipitation. A quantitative analysis of the radar echo parameters suggests that the “sudden drop”of FV40 was a precursor signal of cells’coalescence and rapid development to the mature stage. The areal change of the echo core at the 6 km height was highly subject to the merging and developing of cells, the rapid change of hydrometeor particles in clouds and the precipitation intensity. Changes in the cross-sectional area of convective cells at different heights can indirectly reflect the changes of liquid particles and ice particles in clouds, which is indicatively meaningful for predicting the coalescing and developing-to-maturing of cells and heavy precipitation 30-45 min earlier. A comprehensive echo parameter prediction model constructed by the random forest principle can predict the magnitude of short-time heavy precipitation 40-50 min in advance. Numerical simulation reveals that large amounts of water vapor existed in the near-surface atmosphere, and that the cells rapidly obtained moisture from the ambient atmosphere and developed rapidly through maternal feeding. The cold cloud zone was narrow, upright and had a high stretch height. The upward motion in clouds was strong and deep, and very rich in liquid water content. The graupel particles had a large vertical distribution range, the coexistence area of graupel and snow was large, the height of raindrops was close to the surface with a wide horizontal scale, and the precipitation efficiency was high. These may be the important elements responsible for the occurrence of the short-time heavy precipitation that exceeded historical extreme values. On the basis of the above analyses, a comprehensive parameter (CP) prediction model is worked out, which can estimate the developing trend of supercells and the intensity of short-time heavy precipitation about 1 h in advance.  相似文献   
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