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Abstract This contribution discusses the formation of stromatic high-grade migmatites. Volume considerations require that most of the leucosome material is not added from outside the system. A segregation mechanism is necessary except in those cases where the protolith of the migmatite already had a banded structure. Although partial melting is most often advocated to provide the segregation mechanism, several arguments can be raised against high degrees of melting: mineral compositions and even zoning patterns are similar in both mesosomes and leucosomes; sufficient degrees of melting at reasonable temperatures require more than the available amounts of water; the leucosomes do not always approximate to a minimum melt composition; high degrees of melting cannot occur without an appreciable volume increase; etc. Diffusion works as a segregation mechanism at low temperatures. As diffusion rates increase exponentially with temperature diffusion must become still more important as a segregation mechanism at high temperatures. A model is suggested based on the diffusion of components in response to the gradient δσ/δx, where σ= 1/3∑3i=1 σi is the mean pressure. In homogeneously strained rocks, σ3 is larger in rock parts rich in incompetent phases than in rock parts depleted in incompetent phases. Accordingly, mechanically competent but chemically incompetent high-volume phases like quartz and feldspars stressed in micadominated parts of a rock (high σσ) migrate to parts of the rock that are depleted in mica (low σ¯). It is suggested that hornblende occurring in many leucosomes may be premigmatitic or early syn-migmatitic and due to its mechanical competency it initiates the segregation. Diffusion occurs along grain boundaries and is enhanced by small amounts of ‘intergranular fluid’;. At the best, semiquantitative estimates of diffusion rates and distances indicate that the process should work over geological times.  相似文献   
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We studied the commencement and finishing of the growing season using different air temperature indices, the surface albedo, the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the carbon dioxide (CO2) tropospheric concentration, together with eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux. We used CO2 flux data from four boreal coniferous forest sites covering a wide latitudinal range, and CO2 concentration measurements from Sammaltunturi in Pallas. The CO2 gas exchange was taken as the primary determinant for the growing season to which other methods were compared.
Indices based on the cumulative temperature sum and the variation in daily mean temperature were successfully used for approximating the start and cessation of the growing season. The beginning of snow melt was a successful predictor of the onset of the growing season. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm and the CO2 concentration were good indicators of both the commencement and cessation of the growing season. By a derivative estimation method for the CO2 concentration, we were also able to capture the larger-scale spring recovery. The trends of the CO2 concentration and temperature indices at Pallas/Sammaltunturi were studied over an 11-yr time period, and a significant tendency towards an earlier spring was observed. This tendency was not observed at the other sites.  相似文献   
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Submarine evidence of glacier surges   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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Samples of glaciomarine sediments and suspended matter from the eastern and central Weddell Sea Shelf were collected during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) in 1978/79. Ice-rafted clastic materials are in general the main sediment sources. On the eastern shelf, biogenic materials are abundant (sponges and bryozoan debris). Fine-grained materials, clastic and bioclastic, are additionally supported as fecal aggregates and by currents. The composition of the bottom sediments shows only small variations laterally and within the profiles. Dissolution of the biogenic materials appears to be slight. The suspended matter is dominated by fine silt and clay particles of clastic, biogenic (mainly diatoms) and authigenic (Fe, Mg-rich silicates) origin. Metalliferous particles (Fe, Ti, Zn, Cr, Ni-rich) of possibly anthropogenic and/or cosmic origin are observed. On the upper continental slope and the outer shelf the sedimentation rates are in the range of 2–5 cm/1000 years, which are slightly higher than for the rest of the shelf. The bioclastic glaciomarine deposits grade southward into bioclastic free sediments, showing that glaciomarine deposits outside an ice shelf may form a sequence of alternating bioclastic-rich and bioclastic-free layers. Similarly, late Precambrian carbonate tillite sequences, especially in the case of thin carbonate layers interbedded with tillite layers, may reflect variations in glaciomarine facies rather than interglacial/glacial cycles.  相似文献   
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