Generalized strain probing of constitutive models     

Youssef M. A. Hashash  Qingwei Fu  Jeremy Butkovich 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2004,28(15):1503-1519

Advanced material constitutive models are used to describe complex soil behaviour. These models are often used in the solution of boundary value problems under general loading conditions. Users and developers of constitutive models need to methodically investigate the represented soil response under a wide range of loading conditions. This paper presents a systematic procedure for probing constitutive models. A general incremental strain probe, 6D hyperspherical strain probe (HSP), is introduced to examine rate‐independent model response under all possible strain loading conditions. Two special cases of HSP, the true triaxial strain probe (TTSP) and the plane‐strain strain probe (PSSP), are used to generate 3‐D objects that represent model stress response to probing. The TTSP, PSSP and general HSP procedures are demonstrated using elasto‐plastic models. The objects resulting from the probing procedure readily highlight important model characteristics including anisotropy, yielding, hardening, softening and failure. The PSSP procedure is applied to a Neural Network (NN) based constitutive model. It shows that this probing is especially useful in understanding NN constitutive models, which do not contain explicit functions for yield surface, hardening, or anisotropy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Observations of SN1988e: A mature supernova     

Gillian Pearce  Bruce Patchett  Paul Murdin  Jeremy Allington-Smith 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1990,164(1):59-62

We present the spectrum of the supernova SN1988e over the wavelength range 4750–9000 Å as recorded on 11 February, 1988. The spectrum was taken in one 2000 s exposure using the Faint Object Spectrograph on the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos.We conclude that SN1988e was a type I supernova, and that at the time of observation it had faded 7.5 mag from its predicted magnitude at maximum light. Spectra taken at such late stages in the light curve are comparatively rare, and are made possible only with the application of modern instrumentation.  相似文献   

Estimation of the sub-iron-iron flux ratio in cosmic rays over alice springs using a balloon flight experiment with a CR-39 detector     

D. P. Bhattacharyya  Basudhara Basu  Pratibha Pal 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1993,199(2):293-297

The sub-iron-iron flux ratio in cosmic rays at an atmospheric depth of 9.8 g cm^–2 has been estimated using a balloon-borne CR-39 (HCB) stack launched from Alice Springs for 32 hours. The recovered and chemically etched plates were analysed optically and the measured etch pit diameters yielded the sub-iron-iron flux ratio at the flight altitude. The sub-iron-iron flux ratio has been corrected for the top of the atmosphere by considering the loss of heavy ions due to nuclear interaction and fragmentation. The present result has been compared with the result expected from the source composition derived by Protheroeet al. as well as other authors.  相似文献   

Integral field spectroscopy with the GEMINI multiobject spectrographs     

Jeremy Allington-Smith  Graham Murray  Robert Content  George Dodsworth  Bryan W. Miller  James Turner  Inger Jorgensen  Isobel Hook 《Experimental Astronomy》2002,13(1):1-37

We describe the integral field unit (IFU) which converts the Gemini Multiobject Spectrograph (GMOS) installed on the Gemini-North telescope to an integral field spectrograph,which produces spectra over a contiguous field of view of 7 × 5 arcsec with spatial sampling of 0.2 arcsecover the wavelength range 0.4-1.0 μm.GMOS is converted to this mode by the remote insertion of the IFU into thebeam in place of the masks used for the multiobject mode. A separate fieldof half the area of the main field, but otherwise identical, is alsoprovided to improve background subtraction. The IFU contains 1500lenslet-coupled fibres and was the first facility of any type for integralfield spectroscopy employed on an 8/10 m telescope.We describe the design, construction and testing of the GMOS IFU and present measurements of the throughput both in the laboratory and at the telescope. We compare these with a theoretical prediction made before construction started. All are in good agreement with each other, with the on-telescope throughput exceeding 60% (averaged over wavelength). Finallywe show an example of data obtained during commissioning to illustrate the power of the device.  相似文献   

Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer), infestation in sympatric populations of Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), and sea trout, Salmo trutta (L.), in areas near and distant from salmon farms     

Bjorn  Pal Arne; Finstad  Bengt 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(1):131-139

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Cambridge deep Ocean geophone     

Jeremy Duschenes  Chris Potts  Martyn Rayner 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1985,7(4):455-466

We describe recent mechanical andeelectronic modifications to the Cambridge Ocean Bottom Hydrophone system, enabling it to record in addition three geophone channels from a deployed, disposable geophone package. Examples of data from seismic refraction experiments show good correspondence between records of ground motion detected by the hydrophone and the vertical geophone. Seismic signals are undistorted by noise from instrument related sources. Clear examples of P to S conversions just below the receiver are observed. Improved recording conditions are achieved by deploying the geophones in a small pressure vessel as far away as possible from the main instrument package.  相似文献   

Long-Term Changes in Water Quality and Productivity in the Patuxent River Estuary: 1985 to 2003     

Jeremy M. Testa  W. Michael Kemp  Walter R. Boynton  James D. Hagy III 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(6):1021-1037

We conducted a quantitative assessment of estuarine ecosystem responses to reduced phosphorus and nitrogen loading from sewage treatment facilities and to variability in freshwater flow and nonpoint nutrient inputs to the Patuxent River estuary. We analyzed a 19-year dataset of water quality conditions, nutrient loading, and climatic forcing for three estuarine regions and also computed monthly rates of net production of dissolved O₂ and physical transport of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) using a salt- and water-balance model. Point-source loading of DIN and DIP to the estuary declined by 40–60% following upgrades to sewage treatment plants and correlated with parallel decreases in DIN and DIP concentrations throughout the Patuxent. Reduced point-source nutrient loading and concentration resulted in declines in phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and light-saturated carbon fixation, as well as in bottom-layer O₂ consumption for upper regions of the estuary. Despite significant reductions in seaward N transport from the middle to lower estuary, chl-a, turbidity, and surface-layer net O₂ production increased in the lower estuary, especially during summer. This degradation of water quality in the lower estuary appears to be linked to a trend of increasing net inputs of DIN into the estuary from Chesapeake Bay and to above-average river flow during the mid-1990s. In addition, increased abundance of Mnemiopsis leidyi significantly reduced copepod abundance during summer from 1990 to 2002, which favored increases in chl-a and allowed a shift in total N partitioning from DIN to particulate organic nitrogen. These analyses illustrate (1) the value of long-term monitoring data, (2) the need for regional scale nutrient management that includes integrated estuarine systems, and (3) the potential water quality impacts of altered coastal food webs.  相似文献   

Influence of biotic-abiotic factors on the degradation of novaluron in tropical soil   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

P. Das Ph.D.  R. Pal Ph.D.  A. Chowdhury 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2008,5(3):425-429

In this study, the degradation of novaluron (benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulator) was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam alluvial and coastal saline soils of West Bengal, India. The application rates were field rate (FR); 2FR and 10FR. The incubation study was carried out at 30 °C and 60% of maximum water holding capacity of both the soils. Degradation of novaluron in both the soils followed first order reaction kinetics at all application rates under non-sterile and sterile conditions. The half-lives of novaluron in non-sterilized soils ranged from 17.0–17.8 days (alluvial soil) and 11.4–12.7 days (coastal saline soil), while the values in case of the sterilized soils were 53.7–59.0 days (alluvial soil) and 28.9–29.8 days (coastal saline soil) respectively. The novaluron degradation patterns were found to be highly influenced by soil types, application rates, and biotic abiotic factors. Abiotic factors strongly influenced novaluron degradation in both the soils. Biotic degradation was higher in alluvial soil compared to the coastal saline soil.  相似文献   

The stellar populations within theρ Oph cloud cores     

Karen M. Strom  Jeremy Kepner  Stephen E. Strom 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1994,217(1-2):223-224

We have obtained infrared colors and limiting magnitudes from 1.25–4.8µm for a sample of 26 of the cm continuum radio sources located in the core of the Oph molecular cloud. Their colors demonstrate that the majority of the sources appear to be heavily reddened objects surrounded by circumstellar accretion disks. In these cases the radio emission most likely diagnoses accretion driven energetic outflow phenomena: either ionized winds or possibly synchrotron emission from shocked gas associated with stellar jets.  相似文献   

Sea breeze activity at an inland station Kharagpur (India) — A case study     

D. Lohar  B. Pal  B. Chakravarty 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,67(4):427-434

Surfaces fluxes, turbulent kinetic energy and Flux Richardson number are calculated for three typical sea breeze days characterizing three types of sea breeze onset at an inland station Kharagpur (22°21 N, 87°19 E), 80 km inland, one of the sites for MONTBLEX (MONsoon Trough Boundary Layer EXperiment), in India. The sea breeze onset is associated with a decrease in momentum and heat fluxes and an increase in moisture flux. The turbulent kinetic energy shows quite a significant value even in the late afternoon. The surface layer becomes nearly stable even before sunset, due to the passage of the sea breeze.  相似文献