Soil paludification and Sphagnum bog initiation: the influence of indurated podzolic soil and fire     

Alice Schaffhauser  Serge Payette  Michelle Garneau  Élisabeth C. Robert 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2017,46(3):428-441

The initiation and growth of boreal peatlands developed on well‐drained, sandy landforms are closely associated with podzolic soil paludification processes. The origin of Sphagnum bogs extending on large deltaic plains was examined to test the hypothesis of the dual impact of indurated (ortstein) podzols and fire on forest soil paludification and concurrent peatland initiation and expansion. Mineral soil, basal organic matter and peat monoliths were sampled for soil and macrofossil analyses along an 800‐m toposequence starting from a mixed‐wood boreal forest to a Sphagnum bog (Lebel bog, eastern Quebec, Canada), and ending at a peat dome in the thickest section of the peatland. Mineral soils along the toposequence are ortstein humo‐ferric podzols distributed in the forest environment and beneath Sphagnum peat in the bog, except at the peat dome. Initial peatland growth occurred c. 6000 cal. a BP. Soil paludification coincided with the cessation of fire occurrence as recorded in the organic and mineral layers preceding Sphagnum expansion. Unlike most temperate and boreal raised bogs, the Sphagnum bog developed directly from a forest environment without passing through a transitional fen stage. Conifer forests regenerated successively after several fires between 4200 and 1600 cal. a BP before bog expansion. Pre‐bog forests were composed of fire‐prone black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) trees, and ericaceous species. Given the distribution and thickness of ortstein horizons progressively decreasing and disappearing towards the peatland dome, growth and expansion of the Sphagnum bog was not caused by soil induration processes, which could have potentially impeded vertical and horizontal drainage. The development of indurated podzols outside and several hundred metres inside the peatland preceded the initiation and expansion of the Sphagnum bog. Cessation of fire activity appears to be a key factor facilitating the lateral expansion of the Sphagnum bog under wet soil conditions.  相似文献   

Segmentation and kinematics of the North America‐Caribbean plate boundary offshore Hispaniola          下载免费PDF全文

Sylvie Leroy  Nadine Ellouz‐Zimmermann  Jordane Corbeau  Frédérique Rolandone  Bernard Mercier de Lépinay  Bertrand Meyer  Roberte Momplaisir  José‐Luis Granja Bruña  Anne Battani  Céline Baurion  Evgueni Burov  Valérie Clouard  Rémy Deschamps  Christian Gorini  Youri Hamon  Manfred Lafosse  Jottin Leonel  Laetitia Le Pourhiet  Pilar Llanes Estrada  Nicolas Loget  Francis Lucazeau  Daniel Pillot  Jeffrey Poort  Kevin R. Tankoo  José‐Luis Cuevas  José‐Fernando Alcaide  Claude Jean Poix  Alfonso Muñoz‐Martin  Serge Mitton  Yamil Rodriguez  Julien Schmitz  Leonardo Seeber  Andres Carbo‐Gorosabel  Santiago Muñoz 《地学学报》2015,27(6):467-478

We explored the submarine portions of the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden Fault zone (EPGFZ) and the Septentrional–Oriente Fault zone (SOFZ) along the Northern Caribbean plate boundary using high‐resolution multibeam echo‐sounding and shallow seismic reflection. The bathymetric data shed light on poorly documented or previously unknown submarine fault zones running over 200 km between Haiti and Jamaica (EPGFZ) and 300 km between the Dominican Republic and Cuba (SOFZ). The primary plate‐boundary structures are a series of strike‐slip fault segments associated with pressure ridges, restraining bends, step overs and dogleg offsets indicating very active tectonics. Several distinct segments 50–100 km long cut across pre‐existing structures inherited from former tectonic regimes or bypass recent morphologies formed under the current strike‐slip regime. Along the most recent trace of the SOFZ, we measured a strike‐slip offset of 16.5 km, which indicates steady activity for the past ~1.8 Ma if its current GPS‐derived motion of 9.8 ± 2 mm a^?1 has remained stable during the entire Quaternary.  相似文献   

The role of the Indian monsoon onset in the West African monsoon onset: observations and AGCM nudged simulations     

Emmanouil Flaounas  Serge Janicot  Sophie Bastin  Rémy Roca  Elsa Mohino 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(5-6):965-983

In spring the inland penetration of the West African Monsoon (WAM) is weak and the associated rainband is located over the Guinean coast. Then within a few days deep convection weakens considerably and the rainband reappears about 20?days after over the Sahel, where it remains until late September signalling the summer rainy season. Over the period 1989–2008 a teleconnection induced by the Indian monsoon onset is shown to have a significant impact on the WAM onset, by performing composite analyses on both observational data sets and atmospheric general circulation model simulations ensembles where the model is nudged to observations over the Indian monsoon sector. The initiation of convective activity over the Indian subcontinent north of 15°N at the time of the Indian monsoon onset results in a westward propagating Rossby wave establishing over North Africa 7–15?days after. A back-trajectory analysis shows that during this period, dry air originating from the westerly subtropical jet entrance is driven to subside and move southward over West Africa inhibiting convection there. At the same time the low-level pressure field over West Africa reinforces the moisture transport inland. After the passage of the wave, the dry air intrusions weaken drastically. Hence 20?days after the Indian monsoon onset, convection is released over the Sahel where thermodynamic conditions are more favourable. This scenario is very similar in the observations and in the nudged simulations, meaning that the Indian monsoon onset is instrumental in the WAM onset and its predictability at intraseasonal scale.  相似文献   

Island shadow effects and the wave climate of the Western Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) inferred from altimetry and numerical model data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S Andréfouët  L Charpy  A Lo-Yat  C Lo 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,65(10-12):415-424

To implement a numerical model of atoll lagoon circulation, we characterized first the significant wave height (Hs) regime of the Western Tuamotu Archipelago and the local attenuation due to the protection offered by large atolls in the south Tuamotu. Altimetry satellite data and a WAVEWATCH III two-way nested wave model at 5km resolution from 2000 to 2010 were used. Correlation between altimetry and model was high (0.88) over the period. According to the wave model, the archipelago inner seas experienced attenuated Hs year-long with a yearly average Hs around 1.3m vs a minimum of 1.6m elsewhere. The island shadow effect is especially significant in the austral winter. In contrast with southern atolls, Western Tuamotu experienced only few days per year of Hs larger than 2.5m generated by very high Hs southern swell, transient western local storms, strong easterly winds, and during the passage of distant hurricanes.  相似文献   

Back front of seismicity induced by non‐linear pore pressure diffusion          下载免费PDF全文

Nicolas Hummel  Serge A. Shapiro 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(1):170-191

Borehole fluid injections are accompanied by microseismic activity not only during but also after termination of the fluid injection. Previously, this phenomenon has been analysed, assuming that the main triggering mechanism is governed by a linear pressure diffusion in a hydraulically isotropic medium. In this context the so‐called back front of seismicity has been introduced, which allows to characterize the hydraulic transport from the spatiotemporal distribution of post‐injection induced events. However, rocks are generally anisotropic, and in addition, fluid injections can strongly enhance permeability. In this case, permeability becomes a function of pressure. For such situations, we carry out a comprehensive study about the behaviour and parametrization of the back front. Based on a model of a factorized anisotropic pressure dependence of permeability, we present an approach to reconstruct the principal components of the diffusivity tensor. We apply this approach to real microseismic data and show that the back front characterizes the least hydraulic transport. To investigate the back front of non‐linear pore‐fluid pressure diffusion, we numerically consider a power‐law and an exponential‐dependent diffusivity. To account for a post‐injection enhanced hydraulic state of the rock, we introduce a model of a frozen (i.e., nearly unchanged after the stimulation) medium diffusivity and generate synthetic seismicity. We find that, for a weak non‐linearity and 3D exponential diffusion, the linear diffusion back front is still applicable. This finding is in agreement with microseismic data from Ogachi and Fenton Hill. However, for a strong non‐linear fluid–rock interaction such as hydraulic fracturing, the back front can significantly deviate from a time dependence of a linear diffusion back front. This is demonstrated for a data set from the Horn River Basin. Hence, the behaviour of the back front is a strong indicator of a non‐linear fluid–rock interaction.  相似文献   

Hydrogeologic controls on summer stream temperatures in the McKenzie River basin,Oregon     

Christina Tague  Michael Farrell  Gordon Grant  Sarah Lewis  Serge Rey 《水文研究》2007,21(24):3288-3300

Stream temperature is a complex function of energy inputs including solar radiation and latent and sensible heat transfer. In streams where groundwater inputs are significant, energy input through advection can also be an important control on stream temperature. For an individual stream reach, models of stream temperature can take advantage of direct measurement or estimation of these energy inputs for a given river channel environment. Understanding spatial patterns of stream temperature at a landscape scale requires predicting how this environment varies through space, and under different atmospheric conditions. At the landscape scale, air temperature is often used as a surrogate for the dominant controls on stream temperature. In this study we show that, in regions where groundwater inputs are key controls and the degree of groundwater input varies in space, air temperature alone is unlikely to explain within-landscape stream temperature patterns. We illustrate how a geologic template can offer insight into landscape-scale patterns of stream temperature and its predictability from air temperature relationships. We focus on variation in stream temperature within headwater streams within the McKenzie River basin in western Oregon. In this region, as in other areas of the Pacific Northwest, fish sensitivity to summer stream temperatures continues to be a pressing environmental issue. We show that, within the McKenzie, streams which are sourced from deeper groundwater reservoirs versus shallow subsurface flow systems have distinct summer temperature regimes. Groundwater streams are colder, less variable and less sensitive to air temperature variation. We use these results from the western Oregon Cascade hydroclimatic regime to illustrate a conceptual framework for developing regional-scale indicators of stream temperature variation that considers the underlying geologic controls on spatial variation, and the relative roles played by energy and water inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Correlation of reefal Oxfordian episodes and climatic implications in the eastern Paris Basin (France)     

Cdric Carpentier  Bertrand Martin‐Garin  Bernard Lathuilire  Serge Ferry 《地学学报》2006,18(3):191-201

Oxfordian reefal episodes of Lorraine and Burgundy have a long time been considered as contemporaneous. Biostratigraphic data and sequential evolutions peculiar to each region indicate their structural autonomy during Oxfordian times. A north‐south‐oriented well‐logging transect shows that, during the Middle Oxfordian, a shallow reefal platform developed in Lorraine while thin deeper deposits occurred in Burgundy. In spite of their different ages, reefal episodes of Middle Oxfordian in Lorraine and Upper Oxfordian in Burgundy exhibit a broadly similar vertical evolution of coral communities. During the Late Oxfordian, the contemporaneous occurrence of a diversified assemblage in the Burgundy region, a colder coral assemblage characterized by eurytopic genera and the decrease in seawater isotopic temperatures in Lorraine can be explained by a shift in trophic conditions, a climatic change related to structural rearrangements in this strategic place and a modification of oceanic circulations between the arctic and the Tethyan regions.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of the surface photometric contribution in the spectral reflectance deconvolution processes for a simulated martian crater-like regolithic target     

Aurélien M. Cord  Patrick C. Pinet  Yves Daydou  Serge D. Chevrel 《Icarus》2005,175(1):78-91

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Chromospheric heating by electric currents induced by fluctuating magnetic elements     

Paul Lorrain  Serge Koutchmy 《Solar physics》1998,178(1):39-42

We refer to two papers by Goodman (1995, 1996) on the heating of the chromosphere by large-scale electric currents, and to our paper (Lorrain and Koutchmy, 1993) on magnetic elements. Goodman assumes that the dynamo that runs a magnetic element stops operating at t = 0. From then on, the magnetic field decays exponentially, and the induced currents heat the chromosphere. The time constants calculated by Goodman disagree with the observed values, possibly because he disregards the driving dynamo. Also, he assumes static conditions, but his magnetic force density appears suddenly when the dynamo stops, and it is about equal to the gravitational force density. The magnetic force acts downward and fluctuations in the current flowing through the magnetic element should induce vertical oscillations at the photosphere. This point should be investigated further.  相似文献   

Osteuropa und die zyklische Gliederung der Erdgeschichte     

Serge von Bubnoff 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1949,37(1):60-71

Zusammenfassung Die epirogenetische Geschichte Osteuropas (Fennosarmatiens) läßt sich seit dem Kambrium in 11 Zyklen der Transgression und Regression gliedern, die vermutlich den PulsationenGrabaus entsprechen. Bei im allgemeinen gleichzeitigem und gleichsinnigem Verlauf zeigen sich regional gewisse Unterschiede oder Phasendifferenzen, indem einige stabilere Teile Sarmatiens die einzelnen Zyklen nur verzögert oder überhaupt nicht mitmachen. Diese Pulsationen sind nicht identisch mit den vom Verf. angenommenen Großzyklen Westeuropas, sondern werden von ihnen überlagert, allerdings in regelmäßiger Weise, derart, daß mehrere Pulsationen einen Großzyklus zusammensetzen. Durch diese Überlagerung entstehen Phasendivergenzen, welche den Gesamtvorgang komplizieren, ohne seine Gesetzmäßigkeit aufzuheben. Eine dritte Ursache für regionale Unterschiede besteht in dem vom Verf. schon früher betonten zyklischen Abdrehen der tektogenetischen Beanspruchung, welche zwischen alpidisch und uralisch wechselt. Da, entsprechend dem Großgefüge, im Westen die alpidische, im Osten die uralische Bewegungstendenz vorwiegt, entstehen zwangsläufig zeitliche Differenzen, die zu einer weiteren Komplikation des Bildes beitragen. Der Verf. legt aber Wert auf die Feststellung, daß diese Differenzen und Komplikationen in dem Wesen der zyklischen Prozesse begründet sind und ihre Gesetzmäßigkeit nicht nur nicht aufheben, sondern im Gegenteil dazu dienen können, die tieferen Ursachen des erdgeschichtlichen Rhythmus zu ergründen.  相似文献