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At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface, sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently, modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model, to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area, for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006, Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without, and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes (especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently, the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally, results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik (that passed KEO quickly), which included the sea spray effect, were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi (that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies. 相似文献
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基于前期降水指数的气象干旱指标及其应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从气象干旱定义出发,考虑干旱累积效应,借鉴前期降水指数（API）和标准化降水指数（SPI）,建立基于标准化前期降水指数（SAPI）的逐日气象干旱指标,并利用1961-2010年全国632个台站的气象资料分析SAPI的适用性特征。结果表明：逐日SAPI曲线呈典型“锯齿型”特征,在降水持续偏少时段平稳下降,克服了基于“等权累加”建立的综合气象干旱指数由于前期降水移出计算窗口而导致的“不合理旱情加剧”问题,能够精细刻画干旱发生、发展和结束过程。SAPI敏感性分析表明,加剧一个干旱等级需要的无雨日数在降水越少的季节（地区）越多, 减缓一个干旱等级需要的日降水量在降水越少的季节（地区）越少。各等级旱日频率总体上与理论频率一致。降水量较少的季节（地区）,轻旱、中旱及总旱频率略高于降水量较多的季节（地区）,而重旱、特旱频率时空特征相反。1961-2010年全国平均各等级旱日频率均呈下降趋势,其中特旱较为明显,但具有复杂的时空特征：9-11月各等级旱日频率显著增加,其余月份以减少为主;各等级旱日频率总体上呈“西减东增”趋势。 相似文献
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