Biogenic carbon flows through the planktonic food web of the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean): A synthesis of field measurements and inverse modeling analyses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alexandre Forest  Jean-Éric Tremblay  Yves Gratton  Johannie Martin  Jonathan Gagnon  Gérald Darnis  Makoto Sampei  Louis Fortier  Mathieu Ardyna  Michel Gosselin  Hiroshi Hattori  Dan Nguyen  Roxane Maranger  Dolors Vaqué  Cèlia Marrasé  Carlos Pedrós-Alió  Amélie Sallon  Christine Michel  Colleen Kellogg  Jody Deming  Elizabeth Shadwick  Helmuth Thomas  Heike Link  Philippe Archambault  Dieter Piepenburg 《Progress in Oceanography》2011,91(4):410-436

Major pathways of biogenic carbon (C) flow are resolved for the planktonic food web of the flaw lead polynya system of the Amundsen Gulf (southeast Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean) in spring-summer 2008. This period was relevant to study the effect of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems as it was characterized by unusually low ice cover and warm sea surface temperature. Our synthesis relied on a mass balance estimate of gross primary production (GPP) of 52.5 ± 12.5 g C m⁻² calculated using the drawdown of nitrate and dissolved inorganic C, and a seasonal f-ratio of 0.64. Based on chlorophyll a biomass, we estimated that GPP was dominated by phytoplankton (93.6%) over ice algae (6.4%) and by large cells (>5 μm, 67.6%) over small cells (<5 μm, 32.4%). Ancillary in situ data on bacterial production, zooplankton biomass and respiration, herbivory, bacterivory, vertical particle fluxes, pools of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC), net community production (NCP), as well as selected variables from the literature were used to evaluate the fate of size-fractionated GPP in the ecosystem. The structure and functioning of the planktonic food web was elucidated through inverse analysis using the mean GPP and the 95% confidence limits of every other field measurement as lower and upper constraints. The model computed a net primary production of 49.2 g C m⁻², which was directly channeled toward dominant calanoid copepods (i.e. Calanus hyperboreus 20%, Calanus glacialis 10%, and Metridia longa 10%), other mesozooplankton (12%), microzooplankton (14%), detrital POC (18%), and DOC (16%). Bacteria required 29.9 g C m⁻², a demand met entirely by the DOC derived from local biological activities. The ultimate C outflow comprised respiration fluxes (82% of the initial GPP), a small sedimentation (3%), and a modest residual C flow (15%) resulting from NCP, dilution and accumulation. The sinking C flux at the model limit depth (395 m) supplied 60% of the estimated benthic C demand (2.8 g C m⁻²), suggesting that the benthos relied partly on other C sources within the bottom boundary layer to fuel its activity. In summary, our results illustrate that the ongoing decline in Arctic sea ice promotes the growth of pelagic communities in the Amundsen Gulf, which benefited from a ∼80% increase in GPP in spring-summer 2008 when compared to 2004 – a year of average ice conditions and relatively low GPP. However, 53% of the secondary production was generated within the microbial food web, the net ecological efficiency of zooplankton populations was not particularly high (13.4%), and the quantity of biogenic C available for trophic export remained low (6.6 g C m⁻²). Hence it is unlikely that the increase in lower food web productivity, such as the one observed in our study, could support new harvestable fishery resources in the offshore Beaufort Sea domain.  相似文献   

Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity     

Gérald Darnis  Dominique Robert  Corinne Pomerleau  Heike Link  Philippe Archambault  R. John Nelson  Maxime Geoffroy  Jean-éric Tremblay  Connie Lovejoy  Steve H. Ferguson  Brian P. V. Hunt  Louis Fortier 《Climatic change》2012,115(1):179-205

As part of the Canadian contribution to the International Polar Year (IPY), several major international research programs have focused on offshore arctic marine ecosystems. The general goal of these projects was to improve our understanding of how the response of arctic marine ecosystems to climate warming will alter food web structure and ecosystem services provided to Northerners. At least four key findings from these projects relating to arctic heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling and biodiversity have emerged: (1) Contrary to a long-standing paradigm of dormant ecosystems during the long arctic winter, major food web components showed relatively high level of winter activity, well before the spring release of ice algae and subsequent phytoplankton bloom. Such phenological plasticity among key secondary producers like zooplankton may thus narrow the risks of extreme mismatch between primary production and secondary production in an increasingly variable arctic environment. (2) Tight pelagic-benthic coupling and consequent recycling of nutrients at the seafloor characterize specific regions of the Canadian Arctic, such as the North Water polynya and Lancaster Sound. The latter constitute hot spots of benthic ecosystem functioning compared to regions where zooplankton-mediated processes weaken the pelagic-benthic coupling. (3) In contrast with another widely shared assumption of lower biodiversity, arctic marine biodiversity is comparable to that reported off Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada, albeit threatened by the potential colonization of subarctic species. (4) The rapid decrease of summer sea-ice cover allows increasing numbers of killer whales to use the Canadian High Arctic as a hunting ground. The stronger presence of this species, bound to become a new apex predator of arctic seas, will likely affect populations of endemic arctic marine mammals such as the narwhal, bowhead, and beluga whales.  相似文献   

Slow, but steady: dispersal of freshwater molluscs     

Heike Kappes  Peter Haase 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2012,74(1):1-14

Molluscs are the proverbial examples of slow movement. In this review, dispersal distances and speed were assessed from literature data. Active upstream movement can occur both individually and in groups; and depends on traits such as size, sex and reproductive status, and on external factors such as flow velocity, temperature, sediment structure, and food availability. The potential for active dispersal follows the sequence Pulmonata ≥ Prosobranchia > Bivalvia, although data for Pulmonata originated from short-term experiments that likely overestimated dispersal capabilities. Active upstream movement may be 0.3 to 1.0 km per year for most snails and is probably well below 0.1 km per year for bivalves. Natural passive upstream dispersal increases the range 10-fold (snails) to 100-fold (bivalves), and anthropogenic vectors can increase upstream dispersal more than 100-fold (snails) to 1000-fold (bivalves). Three km seems to be the maximal within-stream distance at which many species display regular population mixing, and at which re-colonisation or successful restoration can be expected within 3–10 years. Lateral dispersal between unconnected water bodies is passive and mostly known from observational reports, but potential distances depend on vectors, climate and geomorphology. In general, active dispersal seems insufficient to furnish a compensatory mechanism, e.g., for the rate of projected climate change. We provide an overview on dispersal strategies in the light of applied issues. More rigorous field surveys and an integration of different approaches (such as mark-recapture, genetic) to quantify distances and probabilities of lateral dispersal are needed to predict species distributions across space and time.  相似文献   

Warming the early earth—CO₂ reconsidered     

Philip von Paris  Heike Rauer  J. Lee Grenfell  Beate Patzer  Barbara Stracke  Franz Schreier 《Planetary and Space Science》2008,56(9):1244-1259

Despite a fainter Sun, the surface of the early Earth was mostly ice-free. Proposed solutions to this so-called “faint young Sun problem” have usually involved higher amounts of greenhouse gases than present in the modern-day atmosphere. However, geological evidence seemed to indicate that the atmospheric CO₂ concentrations during the Archaean and Proterozoic were far too low to keep the surface from freezing. With a radiative-convective model including new, updated thermal absorption coefficients, we found that the amount of CO₂ necessary to obtain 273 K at the surface is reduced up to an order of magnitude compared to previous studies. For the late Archaean and early Proterozoic period of the Earth, we calculate that CO₂ partial pressures of only about 2.9 mb are required to keep its surface from freezing which is compatible with the amount inferred from sediment studies. This conclusion was not significantly changed when we varied model parameters such as relative humidity or surface albedo, obtaining CO₂ partial pressures for the late Archaean between 1.5 and 5.5 mb. Thus, the contradiction between sediment data and model results disappears for the late Archaean and early proterozoic.  相似文献   

Potential impacts of geothermal energy use and storage of heat on groundwater quality,biodiversity, and ecosystem processes     

Christian Griebler  Heike Brielmann  Christina M. Haberer  Sigrid Kaschuba  Claudia Kellermann  Christine Stumpp  Florian Hegler  David Kuntz  Simone Walker-Hertkorn  Tillmann Lueders 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(20):1391

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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECT OF PEAK SHIFTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE KALMAN FILTER IN MULTICOMPONENT ANALYSES     

GAILHARTMANNWEBSTER  TODDL.CECIL  SARAHC.RUTAN 《地理学报(英文版)》1988,(1)

The effect of peak shifts on the performance of a Kalman filter multicomponent analysis algorithm hasbeen investigated.A series of Gaussian test systems were employed to characterize the concentrationestimation errors and the morphology of the on-line residuals(the innovations sequence).Both forwardand reverse filters were used in the generation of the innovations sequences.It was found that thedifference between the forward and reverse innovations sequences gave an accurate indication of thedirection and magnitude of the peak shift.A series of overlapped two-component systems were alsoinvestigated.Again,a correlation between the difference innovations and the degree of the responseshift was observed.The behavior of the Katman filter in fitting the shifted fluorescence emissionspectrum of benzo[a]pyrene was also examined.The response for henzo[a]pyrene in cyclohexanesolution was compared to that obtained on the surface of a reversed phase thin layer chromatographyplate.A red shift of 4 nm was detected for the surface spectrum by observing the difference innovationssequence.This approach holds promise for correction of response shifts in multicomponent systems.  相似文献   

Cultivable bacteria from bulk water,aggregates, and surface sediments of a tidal flat ecosystem     

Heike Stevens  Meinhard Simon  Thorsten Brinkhoff 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(2):291-304

Most-probable-number (MPN) dilution series were used to enumerate and isolate bacteria from bulk water, suspended aggregates, the oxic layer, and the oxic–anoxic transition zone of the sediment of a tidal flat ecosystem in the southern North Sea. The heterotrophic aerobic bacteria were able to grow on agar-agar, alginate, cellulose, chitin, dried and ground Fucus vesiculosus, Marine Broth 2216, palmitate, and starch. MPN counts of bulk water and aggregate samples ranged between 0.18?×?10¹ and 1.1?×?10⁶ cells per milliliter and those of the sediment surface and the transition zone between 0.8?×?10¹ and 5.1?×?10⁷ cells per gram dry weight. Marine Broth and F. vesiculosus yielded the highest values of all substrates tested and corresponded to 2.3–32% of 4,6-diamidinophenyl indole cell counts. Strains of seven phylogenetic classes were obtained: Actinobacteria, Bacilli, α- and γ-Proteobacteria, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, and Planctomycetacia. Only with agar-agar as substrate could organisms of all seven classes be isolated.  相似文献   

Direct effects of Daphnia-grazing, not infochemicals, mediate a shift towards large inedible colonies of the gelatinous green alga Sphaerocystis schroeteri     

Heike Kampe  Marie König-Rinke  Jürgen Benndorf 《Limnologica》2007,37(2):137-145

The influence of Daphnia galeata×hyalina grazing and of infochemicals released by the daphnids on the colony size and growth rate of the colonial gelatinous green alga Sphaerocystis schroeteri (Chlorococcales) was investigated in laboratory batch experiments run for 96 h. High zooplankton grazing pressure was exerted by a final concentration of 100 daphnids L⁻¹ in the Daphnia treatments. Infochemicals were obtained by filtration (0.2 μm) of water from D. galeata×hyalina cultures (200 ind. L⁻¹ exposed for 24 h). This filtrate was added to the S. schroeteri cultures in two concentrations corresponding to 7 and 50 daphnids L⁻¹, respectively. The growth rate of S. schroeteri was neither affected significantly by direct Daphnia grazing nor by the presence of Daphnia infochemicals, in comparison to the control. However, the portion of inedible S. schroeteri colonies (diameter>50 μm) increased under direct grazing pressure, whereas the Daphnia infochemicals did not influence the colony size significantly. We conclude that the shift in colony size by direct zooplankton grazing denotes an effective defence mechanism against size selective feeding for colonial gelatinous green algae. This effective defence in combination with unchanged growth rates of the larger colonies (under non-limiting nutrient and light conditions) falsifies the assumption of a trade-off between minimising grazing losses and maximising growth by optimising the colony size.  相似文献   

On the 70 birthday of Wilfried Schönborn     

Günther Friedrich  Heike Zimmermann-Timm  Anita Lange  Rainer Koschel 《Limnologica》2004,34(3):173-175

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Seasonal dynamics of aggregates and their typical biocoenosis in the Elbe Estuary     

Heike Zimmermann-Timm  Henry Holst  Stefan Müller 《Estuaries and Coasts》1998,21(4):613-621

In 1995, an extensive investigation was carried out in the Elbe Estuary in Germany. Special attention was paid to organisms, including bacteria, amoebae, ciliates, flagellates, rotifers, larvae ofDreissena polymorpha, and nematodes, dispersed in the water column and associated firmly or loosely with different types of aggregates. The abundance, size, and colonization by microorganisms of the aggregates varied during the seasons. The largest aggregates were found during spring and summer, when diatoms, rotifers, and crustaceans were present. The most aggregates were encountered in spring and from summer to autumn. Most of the species observed during the study were more common in pelagic habitats than in benthic ones. However, the presence of ciliates in the groups Hypotrichida and Sessilida as well as as flagellates in the groups Biosoecida, Cercomonadida, Choanoflagellida, Chrysomonadida, Kinetoplastida, and amoebae and some nematodes in the open water depends, upon the availability of surfaces, because they are sessile or poor swimnters, and some flagellates and amoebae need to attach themselves to an object to feed. Most organisms were much more abundant in or on aggregates than in the surrounding water during spring and summer, which indicates that aggregates enhance the habitat and promote the development of the organisms. From spring through autumn, the structure of the community associated with the aggregates is influenced by the pelagic environment. The presence of the species in the benthic community was detected only during summer.  相似文献