An experimental investigation of the effects of thawed soil depth on rill flow velocity     

Xiaofeng Gao  Xiaonan Shi  Tingwu Lei  Huaqing Liu  Jiahui Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14043

Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h⁻¹). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.  相似文献   

薄分子云湍流结构函数的倾角改正及其应用          下载免费PDF全文

钱磊 《天文学报》2021,62(1):7-87

通过结构函数可以测量湍流的能量级联速率.在实际观测中,无法测量分子云中气体的3维速度,这使得其湍流结构函数难以测量.对垂直于视线方向的薄分子云的情形,结构函数Stt2可以通过云核速度弥散(core velocity dispersion,CVD)进行测量,CVD2=1/2Stt2.对此进行推广,对于不垂直于视线方向的薄分子云,CVD2=1/2Stt2(1-1/8cos2θ)R2/3,其中,θ是视线方向与投影方向的夹角,平均投影距离与3维距离之比R可以用第2类椭圆积分E(k,φ)表示为R=2/πE(cosθ,π/2).  相似文献   

基于波形特征的露天钼矿微震事件的识别分析——以卓资山钼矿为例     

赵艳红  包金哲  王树波  翟浩  魏建民  杨智升  张晖  赵铁锁  苏日亚  王磊  王鑫  贾昕晔  刘芳 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(3):662-676

基于前人研究成果以及现场的实测结果，采用卓资山露天钼矿微震监测项目产出资料，提取了5类微震事件的波形特征和时频特征。波形特征显示:微地震的振幅、辐射均匀性和频率变化特征表明微地震是由于岩层受到单力偶和剪切力作用破裂而产生；爆破具有P波初动方向向上、S波不易识别的特点，包含“初震段、主震段、尾波段”三段变化形态；小型边坡滑坡波事件属楔体滑坡，是由多个“加速—缓冲—终止”构成，波形是由包络线呈“V”字形的多组脉冲波列组成；机械开采震动事件具有自振能量不变、脉冲幅度相差很大、持续时间间隔不确定的特点；运输车辆波形振幅具有形态“弱—强—弱”、等频率、包络线呈多段纺锤形的特征。时频空间分布可以分为相对独立、界限分明的两类:一类包含微地震、爆破、机械开采、小型边坡滑坡事件，另一类只包含车辆运输事件。  相似文献   

国外OTA与传统旅游企业竞合关系研究综述     

盛蕾 《世界地理研究》2019,28(3):202-212

作为重要的在线营销渠道，OTA一直是传统旅游企业的重要合作伙伴之一。无论是OTA抢夺资源还是传统旅游企业对抗升级，双方之间的竞争趋势愈加明显。由此，相关方面的研究逐步增多。国外研究从OTA与饭店、航空公司等传统旅游企业合作、竞争和竞合平衡三个方面入手，主要围绕OTA与饭店的竞合问题展开。重视实证分析，采用数理统计和模型构建等定量研究方法，针对航空公司和饭店企业，从市场细分、定价、客房分配等角度提出实现双方竞合平衡的方案。建议今后加强对OTA和传统旅游企业合作模式变化的跟踪分析，关注OTA与景区、餐馆等旅游供应商的博弈关系。  相似文献   

Hydrologic separation and their contributions to N loss in an agricultural catchment in hilly red soil region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wang  Yaji  Gao  Lei  Peng  Xinhua 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2019,62(11):1730-1743

The impacts of hydrological processes on N loss is of great value to understand the N transport at catchment scale,which is far from clear. Rainfall, soil water, groundwater and stream water and their N concentrations were monitored from March 2017 to February 2018 in Sunjia agricultural catchment of the red soil critical zone. Objectives of this study were:(1) to determine the dynamics of N concentration of different waters and their N loads;(2) to assess their contributions to N load of streamflow in the paddy and upland mixed agricultural catchment. Our results showed that the N concentrations of soil water(4.8 mg L~(-1)) and groundwater(6.0 mg L~(-1)) were the highest, approximately 2 to 5 times higher than those of stream water(2.7 mg L~(-1)), rain water(1.7 mg L~(-1)) and irrigation water(1.2 mg L~(-1)). The N net loss of the catchment(38.2 kg ha~(-1) yr~(-1))accounted for 15% of the total fertilizer N input. Rainy season(April–June) was a high-risk period of N loss, contributing to more than one third of the total annual loss amount. Using end-member mixing analysis model(EMMA), we found groundwater(whose discharge accounted for 25% of the catchment streamflow) was an important source for the N loss in the agricultural catchment. Even in this catchment with coexisting upland and paddy field ecosystems, identified end-members could be used to predict the N load well(R~20.87, p0.001). These results can deepen our understanding of the relationship between hydrological process and N transport in the red soil critical zone and are also helpful to improve the water and fertilizer management in subtropical agricultural catchment.  相似文献   

Temporal-Spatial Variation of Surface Suspended Matter and Controlling Factors in the Inner Shelf of the East China Sea in Winter     

MIN Jianxiong  LI Guangxue  DING Dong  QIAO Lulu  MA Yanyan  YANG Gang  ZHANG Yaqi  ZHANG Lei  LI Shuhao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2019,(1)

Based on the observed surface suspended matter in the East China Sea in February 2007 and June 2015, an empirical model was established using L1 b's band 4 data to retrieve surface suspended matter from the Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer Terra imagery. The squared correlation coefficient is 0.8358, and the root mean square error is 0.4285 mg L-1. The model reflects the distribution characteristics of surface suspended matter in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. In this paper, the satellite images of the study area were retrieved in January from 2001 to 2015, and the monthly distribution of surface suspended matter were obtained. The inter-annual distribution of the study area is similar, and the concentration of surface suspended matter is higher near the shore than offshore. A large amount of surface suspended matter is transported southeast under the influence of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal current and Taiwan warm current. Only a small amount of surface suspension can reach the Kuroshio area. The surface suspended matter concentration changes obviously near the estuary because of the effect of differences in the flux of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, winter monsoon, temperature front, El Ni?o events, and other factors affect the distribution of surface suspended matter in 100 m isobath to coastal water but minimally influence the distribution in 100 m isobath to deep sea.  相似文献   

Evaluating the Geographic in GIS     

Weihe W. Guan  Matthew W. Wilson  Anne K. Knowles 《Geographical review》2019,109(3):297-307

Despite several decades of discussion and debate around the role of GIS in the discipline of Geography, it would be a stretch to argue that GIS has not irreversibly altered the discipline, both in the scope of research and teaching as well as in the wider imagination of a general public. However, it remains a challenge to incorporate the range of geographic knowledge, born of a diversity of modalities, into operational insights and analytical pre‐conditions in a GIS. To be certain, some irreconcilability between GIS and geographical inquiry is to be expected, epistemologically speaking. In what follows, we consider what might be meant by a shift to geographic analysis as scholars from disciplines in the humanities and social sciences turn to GIS as a method of observation, interpretation, analysis, and representation. In this context, we engage in a thought experiment and offer some commentary, fixing the notion of information system, while opening the geographic in GIS to more variable understanding. The point is to pursue greater development of GIS theory and method, encompassing, while not reducing, scientific, social scientific, and humanities research.  相似文献   

全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定复杂基质土壤中24种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药     

时磊  孙艳艳  沈小明  吕爱娟  蔡小虎  刘娇  沈加林 《岩矿测试》2020,39(6):856-865

目前针对环境样品中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药的检测方法主要有气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS），由于气相色谱法采用电子捕获检测器从而具有较高的灵敏度，在污染物的环境行为研究中得到广泛应用，GC-MS法的定性效果好，但检测灵敏度相对偏低。本文研究了2018年土壤详查江苏地区样品中有机氯农药和拟除虫菊酯的残留状况，结果显示，即使经过多次净化仍有20%的样品存在假阳性或基质干扰现象。为了提高定性准确度，同时保证检测灵敏度，实验建立了复杂基质土壤中20种有机氯农药和4种拟除虫菊酯的全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测方法，最终选择中等极性的TG-35MS为第一色谱柱，非极性的（DB-1）为第二色谱柱，将鲜样与无水硫酸钠混合均匀后，以正己烷-丙酮（1：1，V/V）为提取剂进行索氏提取，采用全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行检测，外标法定量。各物质的质量浓度均在1.0~500μg/L内与其峰面积呈线性关系，相关系数均大于0.995，检出限为0.02~0.17μg/kg。用标准加入法进行回收实验，测得回收率为80.7%~103.5%，测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）为1.84%~10.12%。本方法将高灵敏度检测器与全二维色谱相结合，在保证检测灵敏度的同时增加了峰容量，有效去除了基质干扰。相比2018年土壤详查参考方法HJ 835—2017的检出限0.02~0.09mg/kg（全扫模式），本方法检出限显著降低，且操作简单，可为复杂基质样品中的痕量超痕量检测提供参考。  相似文献   

Spectra of seismic force reduction factors of MDOF systems normalized by two characteristic periods     

Li  Xiao  Tong  Genshu  Zhang  Lei 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2020,19(1):53-69

Seismic force reduction factor(SFRF) spectra of shear-type multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) structures are investigated. The modified Clough model, capable of considering the strength-degradation/hardening and stiffnessdegradation, is adopted. The SFRF mean spectra using 102 earthquake records on a typical site soil type(type C) are constructed with the period abscissa being divided into three period ranges to maintain the peak features at the two sitespecific characteristic periods. Based on a large number of results, it is found that the peak value of SFRF spectra may also exist for MDOF, induced by large high-mode contributions to elastic base shear, besides the mentioned two peak values. The variations of the stiffness ratio λk and the strength ratio λF of the top to bottom story are both considered. It is found that the SFRFs for λF≤λk are smaller than those for λF λk. A SFRF modification factor for MDOF systems is proposed with respect to SDOF. It is found that this factor is significantly affected by the story number and ductility. With a specific λF(= λk0.75), SFRF mean spectra are constructed and simple solutions are presented for MDOF systems. For frames satisfying the strong column/weak beam requirement, an approximate treatment in the MDOF shear-beam model is to assign a post-limit stiffness 15%-35% of the initial stiffness to the hysteretic curve. SFRF spectra for MDOF systems with 0.2 and 0.3 times the post-limit stiffness are remarkably larger than those without post-limit stiffness. Thus, the findings that frames with beam hinges have smaller ductility demand are explained through the large post-limit stiffness.  相似文献   

工程养护海滩对"803"风暴潮的响应过程研究     

朱磊  杨燕雄  杨雯  房克照 《海洋通报》2019,38(1):102-14

研究养护海滩对风暴潮的响应过程在人工养滩工程设计与施工中具有重要意义。老龙头养护海滩在竣工半个月后遭遇“803”风暴潮，导致岸滩滩肩最大蚀退 6.5 m，沙坝坝顶最大下蚀 1.2 m。在现场测量的基础上，利用 XBeach 建立风暴潮过程 的老龙头海滩海床演变模型，研究结果表明： （1） XBeach 模拟结果与实际地形变化侵淤趋势一致，风暴潮期间人工沙坝均向岸移动，但模拟结果的侵蚀程度更大，海滩响应更加剧烈； （2） 强浪条件下人工沙坝的透射系数为 0.29~0.42，常浪条件下透射系数为 0.45~0.95，因而人工沙坝在大浪条件下掩护作用更佳； （3） 风暴潮期间人工沙坝附近破波显著，坝顶流速明显增大，最大可达 1.21 m/s，是无人工沙坝情况下的 2.3 倍，而在人工沙坝向岸侧，因波能提前耗散，流速减为 0.28 m/s，是无人工沙坝时的 0.4 倍，且没有产生离岸流。老龙头养护工程整体泥沙损失较少，易于恢复.  相似文献