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1.
Occurrence and exploration of gas hydrate in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia and Oceania region 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Ryo Matsumoto Byong-Jae Ryu Sung-Rock Lee Saulwood Lin Shiguo Wu Kalachand Sain Ingo Pecher Michael Riedel 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(10):1751-1767
Supplies of conventional natural gas and oil are declining fast worldwide, and therefore new, unconventional forms of energy resources are needed to meet the ever-increasing demand. Amongst the many different unconventional natural resources are gas hydrates, a solid, ice-like crystalline compound of methane and water formed under specific low temperature and high pressure conditions. Gas hydrates are believed to exist in large quantities worldwide in oceanic regions of continental margins, as well as associated with permafrost regions in the Arctic. Some studies to estimate the global abundance of gas hydrate suggest that the total volume of natural gas locked up in form of gas hydrates may exceed all known conventional natural gas reserves, although large uncertainties exist in these assessments. Gas hydrates have been intensively studied in the last two decades also due to connections between climate forcing (natural and/or anthropogenic) and the potential large volumes of methane trapped in gas hydrate accumulations. The presence of gas hydrate within unconsolidated sediments of the upper few hundred meters below seafloor may also pose a geo-hazard to conventional oil and gas production. Additionally, climate variability and associated changes in pressure-temperature regimes and thus shifts in the gas hydrate stability zone may cause the occurrence of submarine slope failures.Several large-scale national gas hydrate programs exist especially in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, India, and New Zealand, where large demands of energy cannot be met by domestic supplies from natural resources. The past five years have seen several dedicated deep drilling expeditions and other scientific studies conducted throughout Asia and Oceania to understand gas hydrates off India, China, and Korea. This thematic set of publications is dedicated to summarize the most recent findings and results of geo-scientific studies of gas hydrates in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia, and Oceania region. 相似文献
2.
Seismic properties of sediments are strongly influenced by pore fluids. Stiffness of unconsolidated marine sediment increases
with the presence of gas hydrate and decreases with the presence of gas. A strong bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) observed
on a seismic profile in the Makran accretionary prism, offshore Pakistan, indicates the presence of gas hydrate and free-gas
across the BSR. Elastic properties of gas depend largely on pressure and temperature. We, therefore, first determine the elastic
modulus of gas at pressure and temperature calculated at the BSR depth in the study region. The interval velocities derived
from the seismic data are interpreted by the effective medium theory, which is a combination of self-consistent approximation
and differential effective medium theories, together with a smoothing approximation, for assessment of gas hydrate and free-gas.
The results show the saturations of gas hydrate and free-gas as 22 and 2.4% of pore space, respectively, across the BSR. 相似文献
3.
Existence of gas-hydrate in the marine sediments elevates both the P- and S-wave seismic velocities, whereas even a small amount of underlying free-gas decreases the P-wave velocity considerably and the S-wave velocity remains almost unaffected. Study of both P- and S-wave seismic velocities or their ratio (VP/VS) for the hydrate-bearing sediment provides more information than that obtained by the P- or S-wave velocity alone for the quantitative assessment of gas-hydrate. We estimate the P- and S-wave seismic velocities across a BSR (interface between gas-hydrate and free-gas bearing sediments) using the travel time inversion followed by a constrained AVA modeling of multi channel seismic (MCS) data at two locations in the Makran accretionary prism. Using this VP/VS ratio, we then quantify the amount of gas-hydrate and free-gas based on two rock-physics models. The result shows an estimate of 12–14.5% gas-hydrate and 4.5–5.5% free-gas of the pore volume based on first model, and 13–20% gas-hydrate and 3–3.5% free-gas of the pore volume based on the second model, respectively. 相似文献
4.
A multifold crustal-scale deep seismic near-vertical reflection profile generates a large number of single-ended shot gathers, which provide redundant data sets because of overlapping coverage of the shallow refractors. We present an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure by modelling and inversion of single-ended seismic refraction first arrival traveltime data. We apply this method to a data set acquired with a 12-km long spread with 100 m spacing of shots and receivers, of the Neoproterozoic Marwar basin in the NW Indian shield. The approach is shown to be quite successful for delineating the shallow refractor depths, steep dips and velocities, even in the absence of regular reverse refraction profiles. The study reveals two-layered sedimentary formations, Malani volcanics and a complicated basement configuration of the Marwar basin, and provides a measure of resolution and uncertainty of the estimated model parameters. A seismic section of the near-trace gather is found to be qualitatively consistent with the derived structural features of the basin. The relative highs and lows, observed in the Bouguer gravity profile, further corroborate the derived velocity model. The present approach can be especially useful in offshore areas and elsewhere, where the single-ended multifold seismic profiles are the only available data sets. 相似文献
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6.
Ajoy K Bhaumik Shiv Kumar Shilpi Ray G K Vishwakarma Anil K Gupta Pushpendra Kumar Kalachand Sain 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(5):72
Stable isotopes of benthic foraminifera have widely been applied in micropalaeontological research to understand vital effects in foraminifera. Isotopic fractionations are mainly controlled by ontogeny, bottom/pore water chemistry, habitat preference, kinetic effect and respiration. Discontinuous abundance of a species for isotopic analysis has forced us to select multiple species from down-core samples. Thus standardisation factors are required to convert isotopic values of one species with respect to other species. The present study is pursued on isotopic values of different pairs of benthic foraminifera from the Krishna–Godavari basin and Peru offshore to understand habitat-wise isotopic variation and estimation of isotopic correction factors for the paired species (Cibicides wuellerstorfi–Bulimina marginata, Ammonia spp.–Loxostomum amygdalaeformis and Bolivina seminuda–Nonionella auris). Infaunal species (B. marginata, Ammonia spp. and N. auris) show a lighter carbon isotopic excursion with respect to the epifaunal to shallow infaunal forms (C. wuellerstorfi, L. amygdalaeformis and B. seminuda). These lighter \(\updelta ^{13}\) \(\hbox {C}\) values are related to utilisation of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) produced by anaerobic remineralisation of organic matter. However, enrichment of \(\updelta ^{18}\) \(\hbox {O}\) for the deeper microhabitat (bearing lower pH and decreased \({\hbox {CO}_{3}}^{2-})\) is only recorded in case of B. marginata. It is reverse in case of N. auris and related to utilisation of respiratory \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) and internal dissolve inorganic carbon pool. Estimation of interspecies isotopic correction factors for the species pairs (\(\updelta ^{13}\) \(\hbox {C}\) of C. wuellerstorfi–B. marginata, L. amygdalaeformis–Ammonia spp., N. auris–B. seminuda) and \(\updelta ^{18}\) \(\hbox {O}\) of C. wuellerstorfi–B. marginata are statistically reliable and may be used in palaeoecological studies. 相似文献
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The existence of gas-hydrates in marine sediments increases the seismic velocity, whereas even a small amount of underlying
free-gas reduces the velocity considerably. The change in velocities against the background (without gas-hydrates and free-gas)
velocity can be used for identification and assessment of gas-hydrates. Traveltime inversion of identifiable reflections from
large offset multi channel seismic (MCS) experiment is an effective method to derive the 2-D velocity structure in an area.
We apply this method along a seismic line in the Kerala-Konkan (KK) offshore basin for delineating the gas-hydrates and free-gas
bearing sediments across a bottom simulating reflector (BSR). The result reveals a four layer 2-D shallow velocity model with
the topmost sedimentary layer having velocity of 1,680–1,740 m/s and thickness of 140–190 m. The velocity of the second layer
of uniform thickness (110 m) varies from 1,890 to 1,950 m/s. The third layer, exhibiting higher velocity of 2,100–2,180 m/s,
is interpreted as the gas-hydrates bearing sediment, the thickness of which is estimated as 100 to 150 m. The underlying sedimentary
layer shows a reduction in seismic velocity between 1,620 to 1,720 m/s. This low-velocity layer with 160–200 m thickness may
be due to the presence of free-gas below the gas-hydrates layer. 相似文献
9.
天然气水合物稳定带下方游离气分布模式、气体含量及其对水合物富集成藏的指示是水合物研究中的难点,而利用振幅随偏移距变化(Amplitude Versus Offset,AVO)与岩石物理模型能够对游离气含量进行地震定量解释.我们对印度Krishna-Godavari(K-G)盆地的地震资料进行了叠前保幅处理,在测井数据和层位标定的基础上,基于等效介质岩石物理模型和AVO正演模拟定量估算了NGHP01-10A井的游离气饱和度,发现水合物下方的游离气饱和度与其分布模式有关.游离气呈均匀分布时饱和度为孔隙空间的0.3%~0.4%,而块状分布时为3%~4%,该结果与NGHP01-10D实测计算的泊松比交汇分析结果吻合很好.最后再根据干燥岩石骨架的泊松比反演结果进一步判断游离气分布为均匀分布,其饱和度为0.3%~0.4%. 相似文献
10.
N. Satyavani Kalachand Sain Malcolm Lall B. J. P. Kumar 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2008,29(3):167-175
Seismic data from the Andaman offshore region has been examined to investigate for the presence of gas hydrates. The seismic
data displays reflection characteristics such as blanking, enhanced reflection patterns, shadows in instantaneous frequency,
and increase in amplitude with the offset, which are indicative of gas hydrates and underlying free gas. A prominent bottom-simulating
reflection, BSR, coupled with reverse polarity is observed around 650–700 ms. Seismic attributes such as the reflection strength
and instantaneous frequency are computed along this reflector in order to probe for the presence of gas hydrates or free gas
in this region. The reflection plot shows a strong reflector paralleling the seafloor. In addition, attenuation of the high
frequency signal is noticed, indicating the presence of free gas below the BSR. 相似文献