First results from the Very Small Array – I. Observational methods     

Robert A. Watson  Pedro Carreira  Kieran Cleary  Rod D. Davies  Richard J. Davis  Clive Dickinson  Keith Grainge †  Carlos M. Gutiérrez  Michael P. Hobson  Michael E. Jones  Rüdiger Kneissl  Anthony Lasenby  Klaus Maisinger  Guy G. Pooley  Rafael Rebolo  José Alberto Rubiño-Martin ‡  Ben Rusholme §  Richard D. E. Saunders  Richard Savage  Paul F. Scott  An&#;e Slosar  Pedro J. Sosa Molina  Angela C. Taylor  David Titterington  Elizabeth Waldram  Althea Wilkinson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,341(4):1057-1065

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A Very Small Array search for the extended Sunyaev–Zel''dovich effect in the Corona Borealis supercluster     

Ricardo Génova-Santos  José Alberto Rubiño-Martín  Rafael Rebolo †  Kieran Cleary ‡  Rod D. Davies  Richard J. Davis  Clive Dickinson §  Nelson Falcón ‡‡  Keith Grainge  Carlos M. Gutiérrez  Michael P. Hobson  Michael E. Jones ¶  Rüdiger Kneissl &#;  Katy Lancaster  Carmen P. Padilla-Torres  Richard D. E. Saunders  Paul F. Scott  Angela C. Taylor ¶  Robert A. Watson †† 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,363(1):79-92

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Density Modelling by Monte Carlo Inversion—II Comparison of Recent Earth Models     

M. H. Worthington  J. R. Cleary  R. S. Anderssen 《Geophysical Journal International》1972,29(4):445-457

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Slippage and re-initiation of (hydraulic) fractures at frictional interfaces     

K. Y. Lam  M. P. Cleary 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1984,8(6):589-604

The analysis of mechanisms which could control the growth of fractures in non-homogeneous regions is of paramount importance. One such mechanism is the behavior of the fracture as it reaches a frictional interface; coupled with this is the question of re-initiation, e.g. whether a fracture can be contained within the region of initiation. Though the problems of slippage have been dealt with by other investigators, the present paper gives a more comprehensive picture and detailed treatment: effects of various frictional models at an interface are considered for a crack which intersects it at any angle; specialization then allows comparison with existing results in the literature. The problem of re-initiation, after slippage has occurred at a frictional interface, is also considered, using two different models. First, by introducing microcracks in the adjacent stratum and looking at the effects on propagation criteria and, secondly, by examining the actual distribution of the stress tangential to the slip surface; detailed computations are performed and a simple criterion for re-initiation is given, relating the re-initiation stress dominantly to the confining stress on the interface.  相似文献   

The D″ region     

J.R. Cleary 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1974,9(1):13-27

Two very different types of models are currently being proposed for D″, the lowest region of the earth's mantle: (a) those in which the P and S velocities vary smoothly down to the core-mantle boundary, without any extreme change in gradient; (b) those in which the velocity gradients decrease fairly abruptly at a height of 100 km or so above the core-mantle boundary, and maintain a value close to the critical gradient down to the boundary.Type (a) is represented by model UTD124A′ of Dziewonski and Gilbert (1972) and model B1 of Jordan and Anderson (1974). Both models are in good agreement with most travel time and free oscillation data. Their validity rests on the supposition, supported in part by theoretical studies, that data which suggest the presence of a low velocity zone in D″ result from distortion of seismic waves by the core-mantle boundary.On the other hand, slowness and amplitude data from short period P waves indicate a fairly rapid decrease in velocity gradient at a depth corresponding to an epicentral distance of about 92°, and it is very unlikely that these data can be interpreted as interface phenomena. The measured P and S times at distances beyond about 96° also indicate reduced velocities in D″. The suggestion that the measured velocities are in error as a result of interface effects is weakened by the fact that the results are apparently not wavelength-dependent.Type (b) is represented by model B2 of Jordan (1972), Bolt's (1972) model, and a new model designated as ANU2. All models have high density gradients indicative of inhomogeneity in the region. Model B2 fits the oscillation data reasonably well, but has an unjustifiably low S velocity at the core-mantle boundary. In Bolt's model the P and S velocities at the top of D″ are based on the models of Herrin et al. (1968) and Jeffreys (1939), whereas in ANU2 the values are taken from Hales and Herrin (1972) and Hales and Roberts (1970b). The velocities at the core-mantle boundary in Bolt's model and ANU2 are based on observations of “diffracted” P and S. Both of these models were designed to produce flattening of the P curve at about 92°. Both may require some modification in order to be compatible with free oscillation data.  相似文献   

Interlocking directorships and trans-national linkages within the British Empire, 1900–1930     

Mark Brayshay  Mark Cleary  John Selwood 《Area》2005,37(2):209-222

Recent research has highlighted the value of employing the idea of networks to describe the interrelatedness of today's globalizing economy. Networks facilitate flows of knowledge, ideas, managerial techniques and capital between firms both within and across political borders. This paper argues that the reconstruction of social connections through which information is created, given value and exchanged is fundamental to an understanding of not only contemporary but also historical patterns of economic globalization. We focus on the networks of the capitalist elite running 12 major multinational enterprises, active across British imperial territories, between c .1900 and c .1930. An examination is made of the economic and spatial interlocks between firms created by board members who were multiple directors. Social underpinnings of multiple directorates are examined by exploring the common, overlapping social spheres within which individuals engaged. A clearer grasp of the ways in which corporate activity operated in the early 1900s can provide a better understanding of the social context of global economic operations.  相似文献   

"VALUING THE TROPICS": DISCOURSES OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE FARM AND FOREST SECTORS OF FRENCH INDOCHINA, circa 1900–40     

Mark Cleary 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2005,26(3):359-374

The paper examines how land and forest management policies were elaborated in French Indochina circa 1900–40. It places their development in the context of a scientific and economic discourse about the value of land and forest resources, the most appropriate ways in which they might be exploited and the relationship between colonial science and indigenous knowledge. By focusing on debates and laws relating to the development of small‐scale and plantation farming systems (Land Code legislations) and forest management and exploitation (Forest Code legislations) the paper seeks to ground arguments about Western conceptions of the “tropics” within a discussion of national policy development and impacts. Focusing primarily on Cochinchina and Annam (southern and central Vietnam) and drawing on materials from French archives, the paper shows how changes in both attitudes and legislation have had lasting consequences on systems of property rights in forest management and on the place and status of indigenous peoples in Indochina.  相似文献   

Aquifer Decontamination for Volatile Organics: A Case History     

William F. Althoff  Robert W. Cleary  Paul H. Roux 《Ground water》1981,19(5):495-504

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Interannual variability in the biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla (Decapoda,Majidae)     

Guiomar Rotllant  Carles G. Simeó  Guillermo Guerao  Marta Sastre  Daniel F. R. Cleary  Ricardo Calado  Alicia Estévez 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(3):298-307

The spider crab Maja brachydactyla is an important commercial species in Europe and supports intensive fisheries in the NE Atlantic. A field survey was performed to assess long‐term and consecutive interannual (2005–2010) variation of the biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae of M. brachydactyla. Larval biochemical profiles differed significantly among years, with pronounced differences being recorded in 2010. Differences among batches of newly hatched larvae were mainly explained by the contribution of triacylglycerols and, to a lesser degree, by protein and lipid content. The use of different nutrition indices is discussed. The biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae from M. brachydactyla was highly variable, even though surveyed broodstock was obtained from the same local population and was always sampled during the same season. The unpredictable biochemical profiles of newly hatched larvae may condition their survival and recruitment. This largely overlooked aspect of larval variability should be considered in future fisheries management strategies and captive production of marine organisms that still rely on wild seeds.  相似文献   

Petrology and origin of deep-sea sands: Hatteras Abyssal Plain     

William J. Cleary  John R. Conolly 《Marine Geology》1974,17(4):263-279

A petrographic reconnaissance survey of 23 Pleistocene deep-sea sand layers from the Hatteras Abyssal Plain and adjacent deep-sea environments was undertaken in an attempt to delineate the provenance of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain sands. Data from 18 widely spaced piston cores reveal that subarkosic sands on the Hatteras Abyssal Plain derive from widely separated, characteristically different source areas. When the diverse character of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain sands is compared to that of the Hatteras Fan and adjacent continental margin, differences in composition suggest a portion of the coarse fraction derives north of Cape Hatteras via Wilmington Canyon System or the Sohm Abyssal Plain. The presence of certain diagnostic grain assemblages (schistose metaquartz, schistose, basic, and meta-volcanic rock fragments), not found in adjacent continental margin sands, indicates the glaciated areas that feed the Hudson Canyon/Fan and Sohm Abyssal Plain are a principal source. The data substantiate that premise of previous studies, that channelization and overflow of turbidity currents through the Sohm Abyssal Gap has played a major role in sedimentation on the Hatteras Abyssal Plain.Aside from the obvious Pleistocene contributions from the adjacent Hatteras Fan, which fed southerly flowing littoral drift material into the deep ocean, a more southerly continental shelf source is also indicated. The occurrence of certain carbonate grain types (ooids and peloid-algal biomicrites) is generally restricted to the continental shelf south of Hatteras Canyon system. The presence of these diagnostic grain types on the Abyssal Plain suggests a two-step process involving northerly transport via the Gulf Stream into canyon tributaries offshore Cape Hatteras during lower sea levels and eventual redistribution by density currents into the deep ocean. This process appears to have been responsible for the emplacement of carbonate-rich sands on the Hatteras Abyssal Plain.  相似文献